Food Addictives Essay

This food additives essay is basically an advantages and disadvantages essay. You need to be careful with the word ‘outweigh’ as this often confuses students. The word ‘outweigh’ can be placed in different ways in the sentence so rather than work it out, it is better to think of it simply as ‘are there more advantages or disadvantages Decide what you think there are more of and then state this in the thesis statement without mentioning the word ‘outweigh’. For example, look at the thesis statement from the food additives essay model answer: In my opinion, the potential dangers from this are greater than the benefits we receive. ‘Outweigh’ questions do suggest, though, that there are definitely both advantages AND disadvantages, so you should discuss both. However, make sure your essay supports your opinion. For example, if you have said there are more disadvantages, it would not make sense to then write mostly about advantages . As you can see from the model answer, advantages are discussed, but the focus is on the disadvantages as this is what it is stated are greater in the thesis statement. Model Essay 15 – Food Additives Essay You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Present a written argument to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic. Do the dangers derived from the use of chemicals in food production and preservation outweigh the advantages? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own experience or knowledge. You should write at least 250 words. www.ieltsbuddy.com – Free online IELTS Advice www.ieltsbuddy.com – Free online IELTS Advice Food Additives Essay Model Answer Most foods that are purchased these days in small stores and supermarkets have chemicals in them as these are used to improve production and ensure the food lasts for longer. However, there are concerns that these have harmful effects. In my opinion, the potential dangers from this are greater than the benefits we receive. There are several reasons why chemicals are placed in food. Firstly, it is to improve the product to the eye, and this is achieved via the use of colourings which encourage people to purchase food that may otherwise not look tempting to eat. Another reason is to preserve the food. Much of the food we eat would not actually last that long if it were not for chemicals they contain, so again this is an advantage to the companies that sell food as their products have a longer shelf life. From this evidence, it is clear to me that the main benefits are, therefore, to the companies and not to the customer. Although companies claim these food additives are safe and they have research to support this, the research is quite possibly biased as it comes from their own companies or people with connections to these companies. It is common to read reports these days in the press about possible links to various health issues such as cancer. Food additives have also been linked to problems such as hyperactivity in children. To conclude, despite the fact that there are benefits to placing chemicals in food, I believe that these principally help the companies but could be a danger to the public. It is unlikely that this practice can be stopped, so food must be clearly labeled a nd it is my hope that organic products will become more readily available at reasonable prices to all.

Baby P, Health And Social

Peter Connelly also known as â€Å"Baby p† was killed on the 3rd august 2007 at the age of 1, by his stepdad Steven Barker. Baby P had suffered multiple injuries over the previous 8 months resulting in his death. In this piece of writing I will be investing who I think is to blame for Baby P’s death. The social services are to blame for the death of baby P because they were aware of the situation baby P was in and placed him on the at risk register. He went to live with a family friend because the GP spotted that he had bruises on his face and chest and mentioned it to the social services, and the mother was arrested.Tracey had suffered with post-natal depression and this is when the social services should have taken into account that she suffered from it and should have put it on her file and looked into it more. Haringey council had suspended two social workers for the misconduct in the case of baby peter. Social services had visited the home over 60 times and didnâ⠂¬â„¢t notice anything wrong, and didn’t take anything into account. However after watching panorama I learned that the mother had told the social services about the new man in her life but this was never mentioned to the police. The childminder phoned up the social worker to say that she could no  longer care for peter and the other sibling because of peters scalp infection and their head lice problems.The social worker phones Tracey and expressed their concern and that the infection was taking too long to clear up and that Tracey should take them to the GP as soon as possible. The police are to blame because they didn’t investigate when the GP said about his bruises. The metropolitan police did not do their job properly because they didn’t investigate the injuries and the staff at the schools where baby P’s brothers and sisters attended were not told by the police about the baby P’s circumstances or injuries.Police enquiries knew that at the ti me of peters death, the mum’s boyfriend, the lodger and is 15 year old girlfriend had been staying at her home since July 2007. The strategy meeting was attended by a social worker and a detective constable from the Metropolitan police. There was a clear concern about peters welfare and a decision was made that he could not return to the family home until the police investigation and enquires had been completed. The notes of the meeting showed that parents of peter had separated and that the mother had a ‘friend’ who was never left alone with the children.On the 13th December, both the social worker and police officer made a joint visit to the school to interview the two older children. Neither the school nor the health services had concern about their physical safety. During the visit to the hospital the police officer interview Tracey under caution, she told the officer multiple times that she didn’t know where the bruises were coming from and came up wi th explanations for where the bruises were from and she denied that she or her mother was responsible.Also on the 19th December the police arrested Tracey and peters grandmother, during their interview neither gave any explanations of how the injuries occurred but gave some possible causes previously. The police agreed that peter could go home once his mother had made alternative arrangements for the dogs The GP had failed peter because they didn’t take note of his abuse properly they made a few phone calls there and now but never fully reported it or tried to help peter.Jerome Ikwueke admitted having seen peter on numerous occasions, he disputes the claim he neglected his professional duty to look after the child. However he did complain about the bruising also Tracey spoke to Dr. Ikwueke saying that peter had grab marks on him and once again the GP ignored the warning sign. On 26th of July, the SW phoned Tracey after she visited the GP, according to Tracey the GP was unable to prescribe more antibiotics, and he was not concerned and thought that Peter had an allergic reaction the head lice treatment.The GP recognised the need for concern but did nothing about it because he thought that others would do something, and the child was being seen at the Child Development Centre in a few days. Haringey council failed baby P massively because they didn’t check if the mother had a boyfriend. Maria Ward fully aware he was on the council’s children at-risk list in them 6 months she was supposed to be looking after him there was a 4 month backlog of notes on his case. She was supposed to make announced and unannounced visits at least every two weeks but the general social care council found that she went 22 days without any contact at all.Maria Ward had no actual idea of where peter was for four days, she accepted his mothers excuse that they were in cricklewood caring for a ‘sick uncle’. If Miss. Ward hadn’t missed these unannou nced visits then she could have got a picture of what was happening and nothing crucial could have been missed. All Haringey had to say was sorry, which is not enough and will always carry the guilt of allowing such a vulnerable child to be abused and neglected when they could of done something about it.Also the paediatrician could have saved his life if she would have noticed his broken back, it was her last appointment of the day and instead of checking him thoroughly she just gave him a pass and didn’t bother examining him properly. If she would have taken her time, she could have saved peters life instead once again another service failed him. She stated that she couldn’t examine him properly because he was miserable and cranky and acted like a young child with a cold. She also added that he was sitting unsupported and there was no reason to suspect anything.On the other hand, a total of 19 doctors and health workers examined baby P on a total of 33 occasions in th e eight months before his death. Three of the doctors raised concern to the police that his injuries had been non accidental but the Crown Prosecution Service, which had received a report from Haringey social services supporting the boy's mother, decided there was not enough evidence to charge her. Her opinion was that the injuries were non-accidental in nature.This was very concerning for a nine month old baby; peter was  eventually registered on both physical abuse and neglect list. Tracey Connelly, peters mother was to blame because she knew what was happening and didn’t do anything about it. In 2009 she was charged and imprisoned for 6 years for allowing her son’s death. Tracey was born in 1981. When her parents split in 1984, their relationship was known to be violent, and both her and her brother witnessed domestic violence. Tracey classed her stepdad as her biological dad and when he died unexpectedly her brother had came to live with Tracey and his mum.He had been struggling with ‘challenging’ behaviour and was violent at school and towards his sister and also started offending, at the age of 10 she was placed on the child protection register under neglect. After having one of her children she suffered with post-natal depression and couldn’t cope with small children, when she visited the GP in 2005 and they referred her to the PCMHW, there had been concerns that she would suffer with post-natal depression but was not diagnosed.In September 2006, Tracey took peter to the surgery with a cough and nappy rash. The GP complained that baby P bruised easily, and that she might be accused of hurting him at this time peter was only 6 months old. Peter had visited the surgery and hospital at least 3 times that year on one occasion he went to the surgery with a head swelling and his mother stated that he fell down the stairs and got the swelling from that, the GP told her that he was going to refer peter to hospital.At the Whit tington Hospital a number of bruises were seen on peters body and was then documented on a body map. Peter was discharged from hospital on 15th December to the care of Tracey’s friend. On 5th march, the school nurse had called social works saying that they had observed Tracey and had witnessed her shouting at one of peters siblings and slapping their cheek, she was told she had to attend a parenting programme. However the social worker said that the mother and peter had a very strong relationship.In January 2007 Tracey attended their visit core meeting with peter alongside her and then the next interview happened on the 24th of Jan and agreed that if the injuries were non-accidental, it was not clear who the predator was. The family friend should have said something to police or the social worker when she noticed the abuse instead she kept quite. When peter was staying with her she noticed that he had bruises on his testes and claimed that they were from the hospital staff wh en they were doing a scan.The bruise on his buttocks had vanished. The family friend and peters mother agreed to a contract to find a childminder to assist with the childcare during the day, on June the 5th the family friend and peters mother met the team manager to sign a written agreement to the effect that Tracey and Peter would not be left alone together, there should also be a childminder for Peter and one of the other children on particular days.Jason Owen (the lodger) and his 15 year old girlfriend knew abuse was going on, they were arrested but only the Jason was charged, Jason who is a crack-cocaine addict, and a convicted arsonist who was accused of a raping a girl of 11, should have never been allowed to stay with the family but the social workers didn’t do any background checks on him. Jason was a very sick, twisted and psychotic person, he tortured his grandmother when he was growing up and did it again when she was 82, so she would change her will. The grandma o f Peter could have stopped the abuse from happening; she did take Peter into care for a few weeks.When peter was crying and scared he ran up to her and she just ignored him and walked away. She was scared of Steven and she saw some of the abuse attacks but did nothing about it. She should have known what it was like as she was abused by her dad when she was younger and was raped by a stranger; instead she ignored it and let Peter suffer. Steven Barker was definitely to blame because he was the one who carried the abuse out; he beat Peter constantly and made him petrified. Steven who was devoted to his Rottweiler Kaiser, treated Peter like an animal, teaching him to obey commands on how to sit, lie down, and if not, face the consequences.He took pleasure in regularly using the child as a punch bag and was said to have forced the boy to perform â€Å"Seig Heil† salutes as part of his fixation with the Nazis. He was obsessed with knives, martial arts weapons and kept a cross-bow as well as collection of Swastika memorabilia. He used to stride around his home in combat gear. As a child he enjoyed hurting animals and tortured guinea pigs and frogs – skinning the latter before breaking their legs. He kept two pet snakes at Tracey Connelly's home and fed them dead chicks, mice and rabbits.His fascination with causing pain to animals saw him prosecuted for that very obsession by the RSPCA. The social services never looked into Stevens’s background and if they would have done this procedure then maybe they would of taken peters abuse a lot more into consideration and would of taken him into care for re-homing. In my opinion, I think everyone who was involved with Peter’s death is to blame. If Haringey council would of taken action a lot more sooner this would of never happened, if the social workers looked into everyone’s background and found out the crucial things this would of not happened, that goes for the police as well.If the pa ediatrician would of cared to look Peter over, they would have found more injuries and then action would have been taken. Everyone in this case is to blame even if they didn’t do the abuse. The mother is a poor excuse of a human being; she let her child be beaten to death and all she had to say is I’m sorry, that is not good enough! More action should of be done to prevent this and hopefully in the future we will have more skilled people to run these crucial business and maybe they will stop another child from being abused.

Computers and How They Impact Our Lives Essay

Have you ever thought about how much computers have been integrated into our lives? Personally speaking there is not a day that goes by that I don’t sit down in front of a computer for something. Computers play a large role in the way that businesses are run, the days of type writers and filing cabinets are a thing of the past. We can access information about almost anything on the internet, such as banking records, insurance information, shopping, technical assistance the possibilities are almost limitless. Looking at the history of computers they really haven’t been around that long. Frederic Golden writer for Time magazine tells us this on the history of computers If you look at most history books, they’ll tell you ENIAC (for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was the first true all-purpose electronic computer. Unveiled in 1946 in a blaze of publicity, it was a monstrous 30-ton machine, as big as two semis and filled with enough vacuum tubes (19,000), switches (6,000) and blinking lights to require an army of attendants. Capable of adding 5,000 numbers in a second, a then unheard of feat, it could compute the trajectory of an artillery shell well before it landed. This machine was a remarkable achievement for its time but it doses not even begin to compare to the average personal computer that people have in their homes today. In its short 57 year span of history computer technology has increased at an unprecedented rate. Businesses are very dependant on computers, email, printing, data storage, internet access, data analyst are just a few of the thing that people take for granted in everyday business. Email has revolutionized the way we communicate and has become one of the most critical systems in business today. Servers are the back bone of almost every business. They handle many of the things that are essential for people to do their jobs. From email to file storage, printing and databases, these are just a few of the jobs that they perform. The complexity of what is going on behind the seen is unimaginable to the common person doing their job. Your basic end users have  no idea about how much work that is involved to maintain the systems that they use every day. Computer networking is an area that I find to be very interesting. The ability to access information on a server thousands of miles from where you are amazes me. For instance, Joe Smith is traveling to England and he wants to access his work email while he is there. He arrives at his hotel, turns on his notebook and plugs it into a phone line, signs on to the internet and gets his mail. To the user this seems like something simple but what is going on in the back ground is far more complex than he can ever imagine. I was watching the news a few months ago, and there was a doctor that could control a robotic device and perform surgery on a patient, via a high speed connection thousands of miles away. We have gone from a machine that performs simple calculations to a machine that enables a doctor to perform surgery on patient thousands of miles away in 57 years. Where will we be heading in the next 50 years? What you would think to be science fiction is becoming reality, Ascribe Higher Education News Service, Oct 8, 2003 wrote this article on DNA research at Purdue University â€Å"They have precisely placed strands of DNA on a silicon chip and then stretched out the strands so that their encoded information might be read more clearly, two steps critical to possibly using DNA for future electronic devices and computers.† The possibilities for the future are exciting when you reflect on how far we have come already. We are just beginning to scratch the surface of our potential with computers. Computers play an important part in our society; from our personal life to large corporations they are integrated into our lives. Some of the most basic and common tasks that we perform today such as driving cars or even turning on a light is made possible by computers. The advancements we’ve made over the last 57 years have been substantial, but what we will accomplish in the future will be even more amazing. References Ascribe Higher Education News Service, Oct 8, 2003 Purdue Researchers Stretch DNA on Chip, Lay Track for Future from the InfoTrac database Time, March 29, 1999 Title: Who Built The First Computer? (TIME 100)(Brief Article) from the InfoTrac database

Commodum Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6750 words

Commodum - Essay Example In 2008 Blair Connolly, Inc. was issued U.S. Patent Number 7,413,250 for the utility of a back support design. â€Å"Commodum† Latin for â€Å"comfort† is the first ergonomic office chair created that utilizes the patented back support design. The patent gives the company a competitive advantage over competitors because they have a novel design that cannot be imitated in the United States. The product will be strategically positioned as a high-end ergonomic office chair and promotional methods will highlight emotional benefits including: comfort, relaxation, vitality, status, and luxury. Commodum will be introduced using a skimming pricing strategy and consumers’ will most likely consider the product a high involvement purchase. Direct marketing will highlight important attributes such as service, quality and warrantee to help reduce cognitive dissonance often associated with high-involvement purchases. The ergonomic furniture giants in the U.S. primary consist o f two companies Herman Miller and Steelcase and have the two best ergonomic chairs on the market. The Herman Miller â€Å"Aeron† is considered the â€Å"gold standard† in ergonomic seating, which everything else is compared to it. The Steelcase â€Å"Leap† is more luxurious than the Aeron and has a slightly higher price. These companies have targeted the business office furniture segment and have been very successful. It would be more difficult for Commodum to penetrate the business office furniture market and would be impossible to compete in terms of price. Also, with the current economic environment businesses will be less likely to make major purchases on a new product that do not have a brand reputation established. However, home furnishings consumers are less aware of brand name and are a better market segment for Commodum to target. More specifically, Generation Xers and Baby-boomers are the best target market for the company because they spend more on ho me furnishings than any other generations. Baby-boomers and Xers are more likely to have discretionary income and home furniture purchases have been found to be discretionary in nature. Throughout history, there has been a correlation between furniture purchases and life stages, including: getting married, buying a house, children moving out and retiring. Baby Boomers and Generation Xers are experiencing life a stage associated with home furnishings consumption and makes them a powerful target market for Commodum. Additionally, recent socio-economic trends have created a growing home office furniture market and many Baby Boomers will be working longer than expected and will be using home offices more frequently. Technological advancements have led to a â€Å"hiving trend† and consumers are using their home as hub for communication. In conclusion, there is great opportunity for Commodum to succeed in the growing home office furniture Market, but will not be without barriers. H erman Miller and Steelcase may focus more promotional efforts on the home furniture consumer and may be hard to compete with. However, the novelty of the patented design makes the product unique and is the key component to strategy. With strategic positioning and promotion efforts San Diego should be a good market to launch Commodum. Historically, the housing market has been a market driver for home furnishing consumption and if the company can time the launch of Commodum with the housing market recovery it could lead to a lucrative business opportunity. 2. Table of Contents 1. Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦1 2. Table of Contents†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 3. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 3.1 Background of the Problem†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦

Bottled water market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Bottled water market - Essay Example The second part will contrast the bottled water market in two specific countries. The countries chosen for this purpose are Scotland and Saudi Arabia, whereas the major bottlers in these countries selected are Strathmore and Masafi mineral water respectively. There appear to be several reasons inducing people to purchase bottled water in any part of the world. Of course, bottled water is far costlier than the tap water for the people in the developing countries as compared to the under-developed countries. However, the demand for bottled water in all its forms has been on a substantial rise in both the sections of the world. People in the poor as well as rich countries are willing to pay a high price for bottled water while avoiding having tap water that is available to them cheaply. The motives driving the people to purchase bottled water are discussed below in the context of developed and developing countries of the world. The bottled water market is booming in all parts of the world with an annual volume of about 89 billion litres, which shows that an average person drinks 15 litres of bottled water every year (Danone, 2000). The western consumers comprise the major market for the bottled water companies especially from the European countries. Apparently, these are the developed countries of the world with high per capita income and enhanced awareness of health and purity matters. Scotland is also one of the developed nations of world with a booming bottled water market. It is interesting to note that in developed nations of the world, the tap water available to people is much safer to drink, albeit the people are inclined to purchase bottled water more than those in developing countries. The main reasons inducing people to purchase bottled water in a developed European country like Scotland are as follows: People buy bottled water in the country because they are concerned profoundly with health matters and thus inclined to regard bottled water as a source of good health. People also refrain from using tap water and opt for bottled water because of the contamination of tap water and disease threats associated with impure water. People also make their bottled water purchases under the influence of social practices and fashion symbols In Scotland, people have relatively higher level of income and good standard of living, therefore they tend to spend more on bottled water such as carbonated drinks etc for fun and pleasure Due to increase in the number of cars owned by individuals every year. Bottled water are easy to carry and dispose off due to their convenient package, therefore people prefer to buy bottled water while travelling. Developing Countries As evident from the above discussion, much of the reasons motivating people to purchase bottled water come from their life styles, fitness concerns, marketing influence, pleasure, income patterns and social status etc. These factors are rarely visible in most of the developing countries in the world. The two most important factors motivating the people to purchase expensive bottled water in developing world, especially in a country like Saudi Arabia are discussed below: Scarcity of water is one of the acute problems faced by

Yanomamo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Yanomamo - Essay Example The Yanomamo â€Å"foot-people† are spread out in about 125 villages scattered far and wide (Chagnon, 1983). Yanomamo is essentially a kin-based foraging and horticultural society. Kinship is a basic human trait. It is an important component that drives social behavior in every culture around the world. So also among the Yanomamo. Their social and political life is wholly controlled by kinship relationships (Chagnon, 1983). The Yanomamo communities live in small settlements or villages numbering 363 having 30 – 90 residents each, but sometimes reaching 200 or more (Hames, 1995). According to Chagnon (1974), larger the village size more intense their warfare. The people (numbering about 30 to 200) grouped by families live in one large circular communal dwelling, called a Shabono, having an open-air central plaza. Such an area of residence helps create strong bondsamong the people living there. Social organization of the Yanomamo based on kinship The people of the Yanomam o tribe classify themselves into two groupings - sibs (that is, clans) or lineages, both of which are formed based on kinship ties (Kensinger, 1996). Sib members trace their descent through their father from a named ancestor, â€Å"†¦.are dispersed throughout many villages and provide hospitality and safety for visiting kin.† (Kensinger, 1996).... As lineages are generally formed to promote the political ambitions of actual or wannabe leaders, they reflect the oscillations in political power. Usually disputes over leadership within lineages leads to village fissioning, and thereby to the scattering and even destruction of lineages. Yanomamo marriages The marriage exchange system of the Yanomamo people is generally based on kinship. It follows 4 main principles namely, lineage exogamy, bilateral cross cousin marriage, village endogamy, and polygyny. The Yanomamo society is exogamous and persons from the same localized lineage are prohibited from marrying. The members jointly take part in the selection of marriage partners for their children from within the allied lineage groups. The marriage system builds regular relationship between pairs of lineage groups who commonly intermarry through a system of bilateral cross cousin marriage (www.umanitoba.ca). A moiety system is created by such intermarriages when the intermarrying unit s co-reside in the same village. The co-settlement of intermarrying lineages is an example of village endogamy .Although under such a marriage system the Yanomamo lineages have collective rights to marry off their women and claim wives in exchange, they are not vested with the rights of administering joint assets such as land (www.umanitoba.ca). The practice of polygyny by the Yanomamo is exemplified by the fact that the men of the tribe commonly marry more than one wife. Polygyny among the Yanomamo is typically associated with the men’s rank or other achievements (Chagnon, 1983). Yanomamo political system The Yanomamo political system is not centralized which is because the community does

Nursing questions Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing questions - Article Example During this stage, the nurse gathers relevant data from the patients, primarily, the most relevant medical g history. At this important stage the emphasis of the process lies on the patient, and as in a usual professional-client relationship, communication skills emerges as the most important tool in this interaction. According to Peplau (1997), the emphasis and concentration of the nurse during the phase should be based on active listening skills, and whenever necessary asking the patient questions to probe their own description and personal experiences. In practice and ethically, nurses must walk the thin line between client service and avoidance of personal bias, prejudice or even sharing personal stories. Sharing of personal experiences while with the client the tables are reversed and the client becomes the listening ear for the nurse, and the nurse needs shall be the focus other than the other way round. This role is purely a professional call and there at times when shifting f rom a social relationship to a professional one becomes daunting and uncomfortable. There are various literatures that discount and explore an actual study of the nurse and patient relationship during the three phases, but since the major focus is on the first phase, this paper shall explore the relationship with regard to the orientation phase, and some of the studies have involved nursing student’s relationship with their patients. Forchuk (1994) is one such example of a scientific research that subjected Peplau’s theory to a test at the orientation phase. In the paper, the researchers studied 124 nurse-patient pairs, and according to Forchuk (1994), presuppositions of the patient and the nurse have a relation to the growth of the therapeutic relations. Further, Forchuk (1992) measured the length in time that it would take within the orientation phase between the nurse and the

Fordism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Fordism - Essay Example Moreover, the essay discusses the strengths and limitations of each form of work process for employers and employees. Lastly, it critically examines whether these theories are relevant to the work in the contemporary organization. Fordism refers to a notion of modern social systems and economic growth. It bases its concept on industrialization and a standard form of production for the sustainability of population growth. It gives emphasizes on the change in working conditions of workers. It is a form of production used in automotive industries to increase production (Fincham and Rhodes 2005, p. 231). It focuses on producing goods at low costs giving its workers' decent wages. For the mass production to occur it uses special purpose machinery. The form of production applied the three principles to enhance the mass production. First, they employed special machines, which operate on an assembly line (Buchanan and Huczynski 2010, p. 121). These machines did not require skilled employees because one employee did one task repeatedly. Second, standardization of products, this is to say that nothing was hand-made. All their products were made using machines (Fincham and Rhodes 2005, p. 121). Third, they focused on the welfare of the workers. The workers were paid high wages so that they can afford the products they made; this was to avoid theft cases. In his principle, Henry Ford the founder of Fordism simplified work-using assembly lines. This is where a worker did a certain task repeatedly. Research shows that, Henry Ford was not the original founder of assembly lines he increased its efficiency. This form of production increased affordability to the average consumer. Increase in wages reduced worker absenteeism increasing the production turnover to 400 percent annually. This form of production encouraged specialization within the organization hence quality in the production of goods. Fordism as a form of work process has different strengths. First, the use of assemb ling lines as a form of production encouraged specialization. This is because one worker did the same task repeatedly hence specialization. Specialization results for quality and quantity production. Thus, the goods produced, were quality thus attracting a wide market (Lister 2010, p.51). This led to more profits on the part of employers. In addition, the high wages given to the workers encouraged them to give quality service. As stated above the production increased by 400 per cent because of the high wages given to employees (Buchanan and Huczynski 2010, p. 121). Theft cases did not occur among the employees because of the high wages and they could afford the goods, which they produced. Even though the work was tedious, the employees had a sense of security for their work because of the presence of the industrial unions, which bargained for their wages. On the other hand, Fordism had its own limitations. This particularly resulted in the onset of development of Post- Fordism by An tonio and Bonanno (Lister 2010, p. 95). They said that this form of production was not efficient because the population had reduced due to the effects of World War II. The goods produced remained that means that the demand had reduced making this form of production ineffective. This form of production was rigid and did not encourage the introduction of new ways of production. With the monotonous work, the workers got bored with time and they stopped providing quality services. Due to

Road Traffic Accident Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 1

Road Traffic Accident - Essay Example The case that is undertaken for discussion is a 26 year old pedestrian male who is struck by a high speeding car, consequent to which he suffers multiple injuries which includes deep 5cm laceration on his forehead, sharp pain in the back of the neck, unequal chest movements, abdominal injury and injury to the pelvis and right femur. The 3 main injuries which will be specifically discussed are the sharp pain in the back of the neck, unequal chest movement and injury to the pelvis. The sharp pain in the back of the neck of the patient hints at probable spine injury at that area. Most cervical spine fractures occur predominantly at 2 levels -at the level of C2 and at the level of C6 or C7 (Mueller 2006). The normal cervical spine has 3 distinct columns- the anterior column is composed of anterior longitudinal ligament and the anterior 2/3rds of the vertebral bodies, the middle column consists of the posterior longitudinal ligament and the posterior 1/3rd of the vertebral bodies, the annulus and intervertebral discs and the posterior column includes all of the bony elements formed by the pedicles, transverse processes, articulating facets, laminae, and spinous processes. Disruption of more than one of these columns makes the spine move as 2 separate units, increasing the likelihood of spinal cord injury. Based on the mechanism of injury, cervical spine injury can be classified into flexion, flexion-rotation, extension, extension-rotation, vertical compression, la teral flexion, and imprecisely understood mechanisms (Mueller 2006). The patient can present with the spinal shock which manifests as flaccidity, areflexia, loss of anal sphincter tone, fetal incontinence, priapism and loss of bulbocavernosus reflex. He can also manifest with signs of neurogenic shock like hypotension, paradoxical bradycardia and flushed but dry skin.  Ã‚        The 26-year-old man who met with a road traffic accident was admitted with multiple injuries involving the spine, chest and the pelvis. He was managed in the intensive care with continuous monitoring of his vital signs. He was given appropriate fluids, electrolytes, blood transfusion, diet, and medications. The main concern in this patient is the prognosis of spinal cord injury which is poor. Hence it is obvious that the patient and his family members are worried about his prospects in terms of recovery, day-to-day activities, employment, social and married life. The patient and the relatives will need emotional and psychological help before discharge. In addition, the patient will also need rehabilitation measures including physiotherapy and occupational therapy.            

Assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

Assignment 6 - Essay Example ond World War, and he declared his war against the â€Å"racial caste system† employed by contractors against soldiers in the United States during that time (653). Truman’s EO 8991 in 1948, or the executive order that created the Civil Rights Commission, paved the way for the â€Å"weaving together† of America in the 1950s. It is this particular executive order that offered equal treatment to Blacks and the cutting off of the sale of products that perpetuate the latter’s vices (653). Although Truman’s EO 8991 has not accomplished as much as Kennedy’s and Johnson’s policies, it paved the way for the â€Å"unraveling† of America in the 1960s, where the races and genders have more or less equaled. Fifteen years after Truman’s EO 8991, in 1963, certain changes in terms of social engineering activities have been implemented regarding racial and gender equality, particularly during the governance of Lyndon Johnson. One of which was the decision of the Department of Defense to prohibit soldiers from using segregated bus or rail facilities, thus whites and blacks could use transportation together (654). The greatest proof of â€Å"unraveling† of the United States in the 60s was the passage of the Civil Rights Act in 1964, and this â€Å"prohibited racial discrimination in employment, institutions like hospitals and schools†¦restaurants, hotels, and theaters† ( 922). Moreover, in 1965, under the banner of â€Å"affirmative action† used by the Kennedy administration, Johnson reiterated his vision of racial equality (Levin 656). He defended Blacks in his speech and considered them equal to whites, and through EO 11246, he required all federal contract ors to treat any employee without any regard to his â€Å"race, creed, color or national origin† (656). So far, Johnson’s greatest achievement in 1965 was the passage of the Voting Rights Act, which granted suffrage to the black southerners ( 926). In 1967, Johnson included gender equality by adding â€Å"sex† to the

Normative ethics Essay Example for Free

Normative ethics Essay Ethics, also known as moral philosophy, is a branch of philosophy that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. [1] The term comes from the Greek word ethos, which means character. Ethics is a complement to Aesthetics in the philosophy field of Axiology. In philosophy, ethics studies the moral behavior in humans, and how one should act. Ethics may be divided into four major areas of study:[1] Meta-ethics, about the theoretical meaning and reference of moral propositions and how their truth values (if any) may be determined; Normative ethics, about the practical means of determining a moral course of action; Applied ethics, about how moral outcomes can be achieved in specific situations; Descriptive ethics, also known as comparative ethics, is the study of peoples beliefs about morality; According to Tomas Paul and Linda Elder of the Foundation for Critical Thinking, most people confuse ethics with behaving in accordance with social conventions, religious beliefs, and the law, and dont treat ethics as a stand-alone concept. [2] Paul and Elder define ethics as a set of concepts and principles that guide us in determining what behavior helps or harms sentient creatures. [2] The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy states that the word ethics is commonly used interchangeably with morality and sometimes it is used more narrowly to mean the moral principles of a particular tradition, group, or individual. [3] Meta-ethics is a field within ethics that seeks to understand the nature of normative ethics. The focus of meta-ethics is on how we understand, know about, and what we mean when we talk about what is right and what is wrong. Meta-ethics came to the fore with G. E. Moores Principia Ethica from 1903. In it he first wrote about what he called the naturalistic fallacy. Moore was seen to reject naturalism in ethics, in his Open Question Argument. This made thinkers look again at second order questions about ethics. Earlier, the Scottish philosopher David Hume had put forward a similar view on the difference between facts and values. Studies of how we know in ethics divide into cognitivism and non-cognitivism; this is similar to the contrast between descriptivists and non-descriptivists. Non-cognitivism is the claim that when we judge something as right or wrong, this is neither true nor false. We may for example be only expressing our emotional feelings about these things. [4] Cognitivism can then be seen as the claim that when we talk about right and wrong, we are talking about matters of fact. The ontology of ethics is about value-bearing things or properties, i. e. the kind of things or stuff referred to by ethical propositions. Non-descriptivists and non-cognitivists believe that ethics does not need a specific ontology, since ethical propositions do not refer. This is known as an anti-realist position. Realists on the other hand must explain what kind of entities, properties or states are relevant for ethics, how they have value, and why they guide and motivate our actions. [5] Virtue ethics describes the character of a moral agent as a driving force for ethical behavior, and is used to describe the ethics of Socrates, Aristotle, and other early Greek philosophers. Socrates (469 BC – 399 BC) was one of the first Greek philosophers to encourage both scholars and the common citizen to turn their attention from the outside world to the condition of humankind. In this view, knowledge having a bearing on human life was placed highest, all other knowledge being secondary. Self-knowledge was considered necessary for success and inherently an essential good. A self-aware person will act completely within his capabilities to his pinnacle, while an ignorant person will flounder and encounter difficulty. To Socrates, a person must become aware of every fact (and its context) relevant to his existence, if he wishes to attain self-knowledge. He posited that people will naturally do what is good, if they know what is right. Evil or bad actions are the result of ignorance. If a criminal was truly aware of the mental and spiritual consequences of his actions, he would neither commit nor even consider committing those actions. Any person who knows what is truly right will automatically do it, according to Socrates. While he correlated knowledge with virtue, he similarly equated virtue with happiness. The truly wise man will know what is right, do what is good, and therefore be happy. [6] Aristotle (384 BC – 322 BC) posited an ethical system that may be termed self-realizationism. In Aristotles view, when a person acts in accordance with his nature and realizes his full potential, he will do good and be content. At birth, a baby is not a person, but a potential person. To become a real person, the childs inherent potential must be realized. Unhappiness and frustration are caused by the unrealized potential of a person, leading to failed goals and a poor life. Aristotle said, Nature does nothing in vain. Therefore, it is imperative for persons to act in accordance with their nature and develop their latent talents in order to be content and complete. Happiness was held to be the ultimate goal. All other things, such as civic life or wealth, are merely means to the end. Self-realization, the awareness of ones nature and the development of ones talents, is the surest path to happiness. [7] Aristotle asserted that man had three natures: vegetable (physical/metabolism), animal (emotional/appetite) and rational (mental/conceptual). Physical nature can be assuaged through exercise and care, emotional nature through indulgence of instinct and urges, and mental through human reason and developed potential. Rational development was considered the most important, as essential to philosophical self-awareness and as uniquely human. Moderation was encouraged, with the extremes seen as degraded and immoral. For example, courage is the moderate virtue between the extremes of cowardice and recklessness. Man should not simply live, but live well with conduct governed by moderate virtue. This is regarded as difficult, as virtue denotes doing the right thing, to the right person, at the right time, to the proper extent, in the correct fashion, for the right reason. [8] [edit] StoicismThe Stoic philosopher Epictetus posited that the greatest good was contentment and serenity. Peace of mind, or Apatheia, was of the highest value; self-mastery over ones desires and emotions leads to spiritual peace. The unconquerable will is central to this philosophy. The individuals will should be independent and inviolate. Allowing a person to disturb the mental equilibrium is in essence offering yourself in slavery. If a person is free to anger you at will, you have no control over your internal world, and therefore no freedom. Freedom from material attachments is also necessary. If a thing breaks, the person should not be upset, but realize it was a thing that could break. Similarly, if someone should die, those close to them should hold to their serenity because the loved one was made of flesh and blood destined to death. Stoic philosophy says to accept things that cannot be changed, resigning oneself to existence and enduring in a rational fashion. Death is not feared. People do not lose their life, but instead return, for they are returning to God (who initially gave what the person is as a person). Epictetus said difficult problems in life should not be avoided, but rather embraced. They are spiritual exercises needed for the health of the spirit, just as physical exercise is required for the health of the body. He also stated that sex and sexual desire are to be avoided as the greatest threat to the integrity and equilibrium of a mans mind. Abstinence is highly desirable. Epictetus said remaining abstinent in the face of temptation was a victory for which a man could be proud. [9] [edit] HedonismMain article: Hedonism Hedonism posits that the principal ethic is maximizing pleasure and minimizing pain. There are several schools of Hedonist thought ranging from those advocating the indulgence of even momentary desires to those teaching a pursuit of spiritual bliss. In their consideration of consequences, they range from those advocating self-gratification regardless of the pain and expense to others, to those stating that the most ethical pursuit maximizes pleasure and happiness for the most people. [10] [edit] Cyrenaic hedonismFounded by Aristippus of Cyrene, Cyrenaics supported immediate gratification or pleasure. Eat, drink and be merry, for tomorrow we die. Even fleeting desires should be indulged, for fear the opportunity should be forever lost. There was little to no concern with the future, the present dominating in the pursuit for immediate pleasure. Cyrenaic hedonism encouraged the pursuit of enjoyment and indulgence without hesitation, believing pleasure to be the only good. [10] [edit] EpicureanismMain article: Epicureanism Epicurean ethics is a hedonist form of virtue ethics. Epicurus presented a sustained argument that pleasure, correctly understood, will coincide with virtue. [11] He rejected the extremism of the Cyrenaics, believing some pleasures and indulgences to be detrimental to human beings. Epicureans observed that indiscriminate indulgence sometimes resulted in negative consequences. Some experiences were therefore rejected out of hand, and some unpleasant experiences endured in the present to ensure a better life in the future. To Epicurus the summum bonum, or greatest good, was prudence, exercised through moderation and caution. Excessive indulgence can be destructive to pleasure and can even lead to pain. For example, eating one food too often will cause a person to lose taste for it. Eating too much food at once will lead to discomfort and ill-health. Pain and fear were to be avoided. Living was essentially good, barring pain and illness. Death was not to be feared. Fear was considered the source of most unhappiness. Conquering the fear of death would naturally lead to a happier life. Epicurus reasoned if there was an afterlife and immortality, the fear of death was irrational. If there was no life after death, then the person would not be alive to suffer, fear or worry; he would be non-existent in death. It is irrational to fret over circumstances that do not exist, such as ones state in death in the absence of an afterlife. [12]

Baseball and the Changes made in 1968 Essay Example for Free

Baseball and the Changes made in 1968 Essay Baseball is America’s most favorite past time. It is America’s national sports. Among the non-contact sports being played today, it is the most popular and widely played around the globe. Since contacts are less baseball players get to play more games and eventually seasons compare to their baseball and basketball counterparts. Baseball owns style and uniqueness is what makes the game more special and closer to the heart of the people of America. It is the only sport with exception to softball, which traces its origin and roots to baseball – in which the defense starts play by putting the ball in play. The success being enjoyed by baseball as America’s most favourite past time can be attributed to the excitement and fun the way games are played through the years, from minor to major leagues. The techniques and strategies employed by coaches, team owner, players and sport’s organizer to uplift quality of games, all add color and spice to an already colorful sporting event. The sight and sound inside the ballpark are things to behold as players continue to provide entertainment to every spectator. From the first time baseball was invented and developed, the game had undergone and seen several and important changes and facelift all for the improvement of the game’s quality and for the purpose of bringing the game closer to the public. It is no secret that several changes that are made in baseball’s rule and guidelines are results of the growing clamour made by casual and serious â€Å"faniacs† (fans and maniacs alike). By adapting these changes games are played more interestingly and competition became tougher as games are now dictated and rely heavily on the shoulders of every batter (Newell). The game has now evolved to a batter’s dominated game. With the changes in the existing rule efficiency of pitchers was limited. By limiting effectiveness of pitchers more hits are made, eventually yielding to more runs scored and homeruns being made. The committee’s action emphasis the growing important they put on hits, run, homeruns and offense as they try to bring attendance back in on ball parks. Thus, a new phase in baseball history opens up as fans and spectators go frenzy with every swing of the bat. With the major transformation of the game from a pitcher’s dominance to a batter controlled and dictated tempo, it is fitting and necessary to understand the changes that are made that swing the tide to the offensive teams’ favour. It was in 1968 when major league officials, organizers and experts started re-evaluation of existing baseball rules that govern the sports. One of the rules the committee focus and re-evaluated was the scoring of homeruns in the ninth inning or bottom of extra inning. Prior to the 1920 season, homeruns that propel winning run of runners ahead of them were not considered homeruns and will only be scored as a singles, doubles or a triples depending on the base occupied by the runner ahead of the player who made the homerun (Titlebaum). For example, if a runner is positioned on the second base, bottom of the ninth inning, and his teammate hit a home run the batter would only be credited with a double. His score would depend on the number of bases needed by the runner to advance in order to complete the winning run. In 1968 the special committee restore the homeruns that were lost due to the above mentioned law (Titlebaum). This was the first step made by the committee that slowly shifted the dominance from the pitchers to the batters. The year 1968 was also known to baseball fans as the â€Å"Year of the Pitcher†. It was in this year Robert â€Å"Bob† Gibson dished out the lowest ERA ever made in the 20th century. Gibson who played for the ST. Louis Cardinals was widely known as one of the most dominant and prominent figure of a pitcher in his era. It was during that year the he compiled an amazing 1. 12 ERA, whish was the most dominant performance of a pitcher in a season (Schell). He also completed 28 games out of his 34 as the starting pitcher in which 13 of them were shutouts (Schell). In 28 starts he never allowed a single run. Tim McCarver, Gibsons long-time catcher in St. Louis once quoted I never went to the mound when he was pitching. What is a catcher going to tell someone like him how to throw a pitch? † (Schell). The dominating performance of pitchers in this year led by Gibson, prompted league officials and organizers to make changes in able to help hitters and thus creating an era of an offense minded games. The influx of pitching talents during the 1968 was one of the reasons why pitchers dominated the game. Gibson wasn’t alone in dominating the ’68 season. There was Danny Mclain which was Gibson’s opponent in the World Series, which poser a pretty impressive number with his 1. 96 ERA (Schell). Apparently the figure was only good for fourth ranked in the American League behind Dave McNally with 1. 95, Sudden Sam McDowell’s 1. 81, and Luis Tiant’s 1. 60 (Schell). With the abundance of talent coupled with scarcity in hitting talent the Year of the Pitcher was born. Due to this abundance of pitching talent, organizer provides batters the leverage they needed to slug it put with the highly touted and remarkable pitchers. Thus, in order to resolve this problem officials change the height of the mound. From 15 inches in 1968, the mound was lowered to 10 (Newell). For this reason the environment has become friendly to hitters as strike zone has become smaller. Pitchers then have to be more perfect with their throws and batters can wait more patiently, unlike before when strike zones was enforced from the height of the batter’s armpit to the level of the knees. With this strike zone, pitcher like Gibson giving big, riding fastballs can easily eat the offense alive. As a result of this change the occurrence of players being out because of â€Å"easy outs† has declined. Furthermore, higher pitching mounds favour pitchers as it means more leverage for them. With the advantage in altitude, pitchers can put more downward velocity and spin to the ball making it more difficult for the opposing team to hit the ball. For the next few years attendance in ball parks increases as offense dominated baseball. Today, offense has dictated the flow of the games. Fans love watching games loaded with offensive actions. Pitchers too found it hard to dominate games, unlike before because of the fatigue and beating they obtained throughout the year. They play more games today. The inclusion of aluminum bats also increased the capacity of hitters to make homeruns. The changing of laws in 1968 has great impact on the field of baseball. The changes made define modern baseball. Work’s Cited Page Newell, Kevin. Five Game-Changing Moments in Baseball. Scholastic administrators (2005). Schell, Michael J. Baseballs All-Time Best Hitters, How Statistics Can Level the Playing Field. Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University Press, 1999. Titlebaum, Dr. Peter. Rule Changes in Baseball: Spring Training Never Ends sports media (2006).

Drug abuse and addiction

Drug abuse and addiction Abstract Drug abuse and addiction is a common problem in the world and is everywhere you look. With this disorder so common, the truth is shed on the misconceptions that people have about drug abuse and addiction. This paper provides a brief overview of drug abuse and addiction, while also looking at the aspects of epidemiology, pathophysiology, social problems, and ethical problems that might present with emergency medical responders. Addiction and abuse; what does it mean; who does it affect? Addiction and abuse are often confused with each other. Abuse occurs whenever a substance is used usually alcohol or illicit drugs while on the other hand addiction can occur in a wide variety activities and substances. Addiction is defined as compulsive need for and use of a habit-forming substance (as heroin, nicotine, or alcohol) characterized by tolerance and by well-defined physiological symptoms upon withdrawal; broadly: persistent use compulsive of a substance known by the user to be harmful. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/addiction) Addiction is not always a habit-forming substances, it can also include such things as sex, gambling, video games, or even the internet. Even so, the main focus of society is still on drugs, alcohol and tobacco. Some characteristics of the epidemiology and pathophysiology will be discussed along with the social impacts that addiction may cause and any ethical issues that mig ht be found with addiction and emergency medical service providers. The study of addictive behavior is relatively young. According to Dr. Volkhow (2010) science only began to study addictive behavior in the 1930s. Before this, scientists that were studying drug abuse were plagued with shadows of misconceptions and myths of the nature of addiction. But with the discoveries today and with the information of how chemicals work in the brain and the ways it alters it there is a better understanding of drug and alcohol addiction. According to Dr. Dryden-Edwards (n.d.) Drug addiction, also called substance dependence or chemical dependency, is a disease that is characterized by a destructive pattern of drug abuse that leads to significant problems involving tolerance to or withdrawal from the substance, as well as other problems that use of the substance can cause for the sufferer, either socially or in terms of their work or school performance. More than 2.6% of people suffer from drug addiction at some time in their life. (http://www.medicinenet.com/drug_ abuse/article.htm) Common substances that are abused and that become addicting are alcohol, amphetamines, anabolic steroids, caffeine, cannabis, cocaine, ecstasy, hallucinogens, inhalants, nicotine, opiates, phencyclidine, as well as sedative, hypnotic, or anti-anxiety drugs. Though drug and alcohol addiction is considered a mental- health problem, there is no single cause that can be determined. Though some people believe that abuse and addiction is a genetic disease, this is false. There is a predisposition to develop the drug dependency due to ones environment. Epidemiology: The social risk factors for drug abuse and addiction include the male gender, being between that age eighteen and forty four, persons of Native-American heritage, lower socioeconomic status, and unmarried marital status. According to state statistics residents of the western United States are more susceptible to substance abuse and dependency. While men are more prone to developing alcoholism, women seem to be much more vulnerable to alcoholism at much lower amount of alcohol consumption, due to lower average body mass that males. (Dryden-Edwards, n.d.) The combined medical, economic, criminal, and social impact costs Americans upwards of half a trillion dollars a year. Every year abuse of drugs and alcohol contributes to the deaths of 100,000 Americans, with tobacco contributing to an estimated 440,000 deaths per year. People of all ages suffer the harmful consequences of drug and alcohol abuse and addiction. Babies can be affected while still in the mothers womb if she is to use dr ugs or alcohol, which will cause birth defects and slow the intellectual development in their later life. Adolescents often act out, perform poorly in school and often drop out if they are abusing drugs. They are more at risk or unplanned pregnancies, infectious diseases, and violence. Adults and parents are also affected, often clouding their cognitive abilities. With all of the exposure, the stage is set for the next generation to step right in to the addictive lifestyle. Pathophysiology: Addiction mainly affects the brain, but affects cascade throughout a persons organ systems. Drugs and mind altering substances that can be abused target the bodys natural reward system either purposefully or unintentionally causing over all euphoric effects for the user. These effects come from the dopamine, which is a neurotransmitter that regulates movement, cognition, emotion, feelings of pleasure, and motivation. Dopamine is released naturally to reward the body for natural behaviors and initiates a cycle to repeat the behavior. The dopamine neurotransmitter floods the reward system that is usually secreted in limited amounts from routine actions such as eating or even sex. The brain views this as a life-sustaining activity due to the reward system being activated. When the chemical substance is introduced into a persons system and the euphoric effects are achieved, the individuals brain makes a note that some important event is happening and it teaches itself to do this action a gain and again as a force of habit. (Volkhow 2010) The taking of an illicit drug can cause a person to act on impulse when the reasons system of the brain would delay or prevent an action. This system is bypassed, leading to an undesired activity that can potentially have a negative consequence on the users life. Though some of the effects of drugs and chemical substances are euphoric at times, other times the substance can cause paranoia, depression, and suicidal thoughts. (Dryden-Edwards n.d.) If use of the drug continues, the brain becomes acclimated to the influx of dopamine in the reward system. This leads to the reduction of release of dopamine and the number of dopamine receptors in the system itself. This in turn affects the users ability to achieve the desired effects of the used drug. This response by the individuals brain causes them to try to reactivate the receptors by increasing the amount or dosage of the drug to achieve the same dopamine high. This effect is known as a tolerance. With long-term abuse of a drug, changes occur to other systems in the brain. The neurotransmitter glutamate which also is part of the reward systems can be altered which causes an inability to learn. When the optimal level of glutamate is off balance the brain attempts to compensate, which in turn affects the users cognitive function. (NIDA 2011) When the brain has become accustomed to the effect of the drug, dependence is formed and cessation of the drug abuse will cause an event referred to as withdrawal. While most symptoms of withdrawal are at most uncomfortable for an addict, there are also some serious symptoms that can include tonic-clonic seizures, myocardial infarction, stroke, hallucinations, and delirium tremens. (Melemis 2011) Social, Ethical Issues and The Impact on EMS: The consequences of addiction and abuse are evident in a persons social life. The destructive behavior of addiction affects everything from work to their personal life, even from the beginning of the abuse. The signs of addiction from the physical stand point include a changing of sleeping habits and changes in eating habits, which contribute to both weight loss and weight gain. Recurrent drug abuse leads to the lack of meeting important obligations at home, school, or work. (Dryden-Edwards) Other affects of addiction can include family disintegration, domestic violence, child abuse, failure in school, and loss of employment. Subjects with addictions tend to be risk takers and thrill seekers. With the changes in the reward system of the brain, the subject expects a positive reaction before they take a substance which satisfies their need for risk or thrills. Impulse control is hard when their drug of choice is around people with addiction. This feeds the addiction even more. (Nash J ohnson, 2007) The impact on the emergency medical services is immeasurable. The calls caused by addiction can vary from trauma to a medical overdose. The role of the emergency medical provider in calls for an overdose patient requires the paramedic to find out what and how much the patient took, and what the proper medication is to reverse the condition that the patient is currently experiencing. Along with the calls comes the danger. With possible violent outbreaks by addicts, the paramedic has to be aware of his or her surroundings while trying to calm the patient. Patients experiencing withdrawals can hallucinate an entire event and incorporate the paramedic in it, causing the patient to become violent towards their care provider. Addiction is a very dangerous condition and can be considered a psychiatric problem, which needs to be treated with a certain diligence and suspicion. In the realm of EMS the occurrence of calls for addiction are rare since it is not really an emergency situation. The occasion does arise if a patient is experiencing violent symptoms of withdrawal or has overdosed on a substance. The patient could appear to be in an agitated state or even be unconscious. There is no predetermined way to handle a patient experiencing addiction related problems. They main key is to treat the patients symptoms. All patients need to be put on supplemental oxygen via nonrebreather if it can be tolerated. Intravenous access should be obtained with an infusion of normal saline to help flush out the patients system. If the patient is in an agitated state or seizing, a sedative should be administered, such as valium or versed. Beware, with the administration of benzodiazepines the risk of respiratory depression or failure is present. If the patient is experiencing an overdose of an opiate and their breathing is shallow or nonexistent the administration of Na rcan 0.4 to 2 milligrams, but beware to administer this drug slowly and titrate it to where the patient can breathe just enough to sustain life. If airway and breathing problems persist then intubation should be considered to secure the patients airway. Rapid transport with due regard is suggested so that the patient can be evaluated and the hospital staff can begin their detoxification. The world of addiction is harsh and unforgiving if one is not willing to leave it behind. Some people say that addiction is all in the head, and my research verifies this. The affects on the brain from forming a learned habit is rewarded in much the same way such as eating or drinking. The reward system practically gets destroyed by the drugs or substances being used by the influx of neurotransmitters released. With the receptors becoming desensitized, the subject will need to increase the intake of the substance to achieve their high. The repercussions of the abuse and addiction become apparent after time when the violence and compulsiveness takes over. The physical tolls, including depression and illness can be debilitating at times. The only way to decrease drug abuse and addiction is to educate the public. The best prevention is avoidance.

Story Of Anne Moody :: essays research papers

In America, the fortie s and fifties was a time of racism and racial segregation. The Declaration of Independence states â€Å"all men are created equal† and America is viewed as the land of equal opportunity. However, blacks soon found the lack of truth in these statements; and with the Montgomery bus boycott marking the beginning of retaliation, the civil rights movement will grow during the mid – sixties. In the autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, Anne Moody describes the environment, the thoughts, and the actions that formed her life while growing up in the segregated southern state of Mississippi. As a young child, Moody accepted society as the way it was and did not see a difference in the skin color of a white person as opposed to that of a black. It was not until a movie incident did she begin to realize that the color of her skin made her inferior. â€Å"Their whiteness provided them with a pass to downstairs in that nice section and my blackness sent me to the balcony. Now that I was thinking about it, their schools, homes, and streets were better than mine.† Soon after Moody entered high school, Emmett Till, a fourteen-year-old boy from Chicago, was killed for whistling at a white woman. â€Å"Emmett Till’s murder had proved it was a crime, punishable by death, for a Negro man to even whistle at a white woman in Mississippi.† Although her mother refused to give an explanation of the organization, Moody learned about the NAACP from one of her teachers soon after the incident. It was at age fifteen that Moody really began to hate people. Not only did she hate the whites that committed the murders, but she also hated the blacks for allowing the horrid actions to occur. When there were rumors about black men having sexual relationships with white women, Negro men became afraid even to walk the streets. One of Moody’s high school classmates, Jerry, was beaten after being accused of making telephone calls to a white operator with threats of molesting her. Even more tragic was the Taplin fire. A whole family was burned in the Taplin family home and although the police tried to blame it on a kerosene lamp, the blacks knew it was purposely started with gasoline. To get away from all the horrifying things going on in her town, Moody leaves to stay with family members in Baton Rouge.

How To Make Tobacco Bongs :: essays research papers

How To Make Tobacco Bongs   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A tobacco bong is another way for someone to smoke tobacco instead of just rolling a cigarette you can just stuff the tobacco in a bowl and smoke it. It is much quicker and easier to do than rolling it in papers. There are many types of tobacco bongs but I'm only going to explain how to make two different types because I dont have enough time to explain how to make all of them. That would take forever. The first type im going to explain how to make is a gravity bong. The other type is a water bong.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A gravity bong is probably one of the easiest and cheapest ones to make. All you have to have is a 2-liter bottle, 5 gallon bucket filled with water, alluminum foil, a sharp knife, tobacco, and a lighter. The first thing you do is take the lid off of the 2-liter bottle and then cut the bottom off with the sharp kinife. Then put the alluminum foil over the top of it and push it down inside of it a little to make a little bowl for the tobacco. Poke about six or seven little holes in the aluminum foil. And that is how you make the gravity bong. To use it all you have to do is put the 2-liter bottle in the water and push it all the way down, but dont push it to far down just push it to where the water is almost up to the aluminum foil and then put the tobacco in it and hold the lighter close to the tobacco and pull up on the bottle. The suction pulls the smoke inside the bottle and when you get the bottle almost out of the water, pull the aluminum foil off and put you r mouth over the hole and push the bottle back into the water. The pushes the smoke down your throat.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A honey bear bong is pretty easy to make also. All you have to have is an empty honey bear bottle, a bowl, which costs about a dollar at any smoke shop, 1 foot of 3/4 inch rubber hose, tobacco and a lighter. First you need to be sure most of the honey is out of the bottle but leave about a half inch of it in the bottom. Then you get the

Animal Farm: Stalin And Napoleon :: Animal Farm Essays

The novel Animal Farm, by George Orwell, was an allegory about the Russian Revolution in which the author used a farm and it’s members to symbolize major characters and their actions. In this composition, I will reveal to you many of Joseph Stalin’ s important contributions and how they relate to the actions of Napoleon from Animal Farm. I will break this topic down into the following three parts, their rise to power, Stalin’s Five Year Plan, and their use and abuse of authority. When Lenin died in 1924, a struggle for power began between Trotsky (Snowball) and Stalin (Napoleon). Trotsky was a brilliant individual, but Stalin was just a simple person whose power was based on allegiances with other members of the communist party rather than on ideas. This is contrary to how Snowball was the more intelligent one of the two and all the sheep and pigs were loyal to Napoleon. Trotsky believed in Russia’s trying to spread communism all over the world as Snowball’s purpose with animalism and Stalin was more focused on the prosperity of Russia, as was Napoleon about the wellness of the farm. By 1929, Stalin had gathered enough resources to exile Trotsky from Russia just as Napoleon did to Snowball. Stalin believed that Russia was one hundred years behind the west. He devised his Five Year Plan to bring Russia up to speed with the rest of the world. This plan included many of Trotsky’s ideas, which Stalin had previously opposed. We can relate this to the building of the windmill in Animal Farm and how Napoleon was against the idea until after the expulsion of Snowball. Russia’s economy was centralized on agriculture with over twenty five million farms. Unfortunately, the majority of these barely produced enough to feed the families of those who worked them. Farmers who had a surplus of produce were called kulaks. Stalin decided he would "liquidate the kulaks as a class" under collective agriculture. He believed that once the population of "those just getting by" saw the benefits that they would receive from these state-run farms, they would immediately approve, and that’s just what they did. Unfortunately for Stalin, the kulaks did not li ke this idea. In protest, they destroyed their livestock and tools and burned their crops or let them rot in the fields. This event is displayed in Animal Farm when Napoleon decides to sell the chickens' eggs for the benefit of the farm.

Rationing Healthcare

Rationing Healthcare: America's Best Bet John Curry Keller Graduate School Health Rights/Responsibilities HSM 542 Prof. Michelle Gomillion February 24, 2013 Abstract Rationing Healthcare: America's Best Bet Introduction. Within the last decade private insurance premiums have doubled, rising four times faster than wages. Insolvency of the current government assisted healthcare programs, Medicare and Medicaid, are on track to occur within the next eight years (Singer, 2009, para. 3).Facts such as these lead most experts and scholars such as Peter Singer, bioethics professor at Princeton University, to believe rationing of healthcare is not only necessary but highly desired for all stakeholders involved. The fact of the matter is that healthcare is a scarce resource, and like all scarce resources, it requires close management and rationing to ensure its best use. At present, healthcare in a sense, is rationed through price. In the realm of public opinion however, rationing healthcare is often times connected to the highly politicized word, ‘socialism’ and is highly undesired.In its truest form however, rationing simply put, is a way of distributing limited resources to garner the best overall â€Å"bang for the buck. † In healthcare, rationing is a manner of which providing the best quality of care to the largest number of patients. Investopedia defines rationing as: The artificial restriction of raw materials, goods or services. Rationing commonly occurs when governments fear a shortage and want to make sure people have access to necessities, such as after a natural disaster or during a war.Governments can also impose rationing in the face of failed policies such as central planning, or may be forced to use rationing as a result of shortages (â€Å"Definition of ’Rationing’,† 2013, p. 1). This paper’s purpose is to examine the rationale behind the rationing of healthcare. It will examine the affect it has on healthc are delivery, impact on healthcare providers and consumers, possible solutions, and the role healthcare administrators/managers play in the process.The paper will reference institutions such as the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) and other national healthcare systems like Great Britain, Australia, and Canada. In addition, a definition of quality-adjusted life-year will be presented and debated as a possible option to ration care fair and proportionately. Affect Rationing Has on Healthcare Delivery. Challenger’s arguement. Sally C. Pipes, Chief Executive officer of Pacific Research Institute and adversary to the rationing of healthcare, wrote an article titled â€Å"Obama Will Ration Your Healthcare. Within the article, many subjects are discussed, including the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), a rationing system that controls government costs. It is Pipes’ belief that rationing healthcare will result in the eld erly population being discriminated against due to cost benefit analysis. Her article goes on further to state, â€Å"the process of determining which drugs and which treatments would be approved for use would be quickly politicized† (Pipes, 2008, para. 9).There is strong argument that rationing healthcare would ultimately fail in the hands of public opinion. To make this point, Pipes references lessons learned in managed care during the 1990’s. The goal of cost containment was successful however rejected by US citizens resulting in Congress passing a patient’s Bill of Rights (Pipes, 2008, para. 8). Other advocates against healthcare rationing state similar responses to Sally Pipes. Claire Andre and Manuel Velasquez, members of the Markkula Center for Applied Ethics, go as far as quoting Euripedes, 500 B. C. I hate the men who would prolong their lives by foods and drinks and charms of magic art perverting nature's course to keep off death. They ought, when they no longer serve the land to quit this life, and clear the way for youth. It is their firm belief that through rationing, healthcare would result in the elderly and disabled populations being limited in their care because of a measure called a quality-adjusted life-year (QALY). QALY is a unit designed to enable a comparison of the benefits achieved by different forms of health care (Singer, 2009, para. 22).Andre and Velasquez state the morals of such rationing would be unjust and take away constitutional rights to receive equal care. Proponent’s arguement. Many proponents for rationing healthcare resources feel it is only a matter of time before it becomes necessary. Healthcare analysts and providers predict a health care crisis because of: * Costs of Healthcare * Increased number of uninsured individuals * Unknown status of current healthcare system Factors that are affecting these conclusions consist of: * Expenses are rising faster than the cost of living. Medicare and Med icaid spending (which comprises 26 percent of the federal budget) is expanding faster than the economic growth rate * Individuals and their families continue to pay a significant amount out of pocket (Ukleja Center for Ethical Leadership, 2012, Slide 3) While these factors are compelling, the numbers representing US spending costs ultimately lend credence to the argument for healthcare rationing. In June of 2011, the National Coalition on Health Care reported healthcare spending reached 18. 2% of US Gross Domestic Product (GDP), up by 5. % from the prior year (The National Coalition on Health Care, 2011, p. 1). With a continued climb in spending, insolvency of the current healthcare system could occur as early as eight years. President Obama has plainly stated â€Å"that America’s health care system is broken† (Singer, 2009, para. 5). Proponents for the rationing of healthcare are in agreement with the President and see little to no alternative. While some feel rationi ng is the way to avoid bankrupting the healthcare system others believe the wrong form of rationing is already occurring in the form of ability to pay.Examples of such rationing comes in the form of pharmaceutical deductibles for life saving medication. If the individual is unable to afford the medication they go without. Professionals like Simon Rottenberg, Professor of Economics at the University of Massachusetts, and David J. Theroux, President and Chief Executive Officer of The Independent Institute and Publisher of The Independent Review, warn against this form of rationing and instead, believe it should be based on a measurement of life quality.They state: There is a strong emotional attraction for price controls as a way for the government to â€Å"do something. † However, well-intentioned motives are not enough—the results also count and whether the consequences from government action are beneficial to the public, especially the disadvantaged, or not (Rottenber g ; Theroux, 1994, p. 1). Examples of where well-intentioned government motives failed in their attempts to ration health care based on price can be found in Germany and Japan.Due to the belt tightening based price rationing both countries experienced shortages of medications, reduced funding for research, and black market criminal activity, along with dissatisfied patients (Rottenberg ; Theroux, 1994, p. 2). Although there is a valid argument for rationed care, determination of what factor should be used to determine who gets what care is still up for debate. Under the solutions category of this paper quality-adjusted life-year (QALY) will be further defined and labeled as the best way to ration care. A method for calculating QALY will be explained and its validity defended.Current Impact on Healthcare Consumers and Institutions. Health care organizations around the world all rely on some form of rationing of care due to limited resources. Ultimately rationing limits access to heal thcare. In the case of the United States, this is done through health coverage both government and private. Creating a universal coverage system will require a rationing system that is both ethical and cost effective. Its impacts can only be examined in theory based on review and comparing of the US to that of other countries’ such as Canada and Great Britain.Review of healthcare rationing in the United States. When comparing the United States’ current healthcare coverage system to those of other countries, the country does not measure up. Under the current system, health care costs in the US result in absorption of approximately one in six dollars of national spending (Singer, 2009). A poor economy along with increased healthcare costs have reduced the number of those with healthcare coverage. In 2012 the estimates indicate approximately 44. 6% of US citizens have health care coverage, a decline of 1. % from the prior year (Young, 2013). At present, the US spends 1. 5 times more than other countries around the world (Kane, 2012, para. 8) with 90% percent of Americans who believe the US healthcare system needs fundamental changes or a complete overhaul (Center for American Progress, 2007, p. 3). Great Britain. In Britain, all citizens have healthcare coverage, a sharp contrast to the United States. 76% of citizens in Great Britain approve of the current system (Singer, 2009) and 9. 6% of GDP is spent on their healthcare needs (Kane, 2012, table 2).The country uses the National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) as a resource for determining the rationing of health care services. NICE is an independent organization that provides national guidance and standards on the promotion of good health and the prevention and treatment of ill health (NHS Choices, 2011, para. 3). The organization focuses on: * Public health * Health technologies * Clinical practice * Quality standards * Quality and outcomes framework Canada. Possible Solution. QALY is an opportunity as a measurement for a unbiased approach to organizing healthcare under an umbrella of unified understanding. As a proponent to rationing of healthcare, QALY offers an approach that focuses on the best quality of life compared to that of life extensions. For example, an individual who is 3o years of age has a life expectancy of 70 years compared to that of someone who is 85 years of age who has exceeded their life expectancy. It is cost beneficial to provide life -saving medicine to the individual who is at 30 opposed to the one who are 85 because there is a greater bang for the buck.In essence QALY is a measurement that can help determine the best way to use resources and allocate funds toward the best overall outcome. Unfortunately this decision can result in death for those of less dire circumstances or for those that are less likely to result in successful outcomes. Until American citizens decide on the emphasis of cost vs. life the matter will remain unre solved. Until then, healthcare remains in a grey area where they attempt to balance the value of life with the costs that are associate with maintaining life. References Andre, C. ; Velasquez, M. (2010). Aged-Based Health Care Rationing. Retrieved from http://www. scu. edu/ethics/publications/iie/v3n3/age. html Center for American Progress. (2007). Health Care by the Numbers: Ensure Affordable Coverage for All. Retrieved from http://www. americanprogress. org/issues/healthcare/news/2007/05/03/2962/health-care-by-the-numbers/ Definition of ’Rationing’. (2013). Retrieved from http://www. investopedia. com/terms/r/rationing. asp#axzz2Lp5M2H7u Kane, J. (2012). Health Costs: How the U. S. Compares With Other Countries. Retrieved from http://www. pbs. rg/newshour/rundown/2012/10/health-costs-how-the-us-compares-with-other-countries. html NHS Choices. (2011). Health watchdogs and authorities . Retrieved from http://www. nhs. uk/NHSEngland/thenhs/healthregulators/Pages/nice. a spx Pipes, S. C. (2008). Obama Will Ration Your Health Care. Retrieved from http://online. wsj. com/article/SB123060332638041525. html Rottenberg, S. , ; Theroux, D. J. (1994). Rationing Health Care: Price Controls Are Hazardous to Our Health . Retrieved from http://www. independent. org/publications/article. asp? id=1201 Singer, P. (2009). Why We Must Ration Health Care.Retrieved from http://www. nytimes. com/2009/07/19/magazine/19healthcare-t. html? pagewanted=all;_r=0 The National Coalition on Health Care. (2011). Health Care Spending as Percentage of GDP Reaches All-Time High. Retrieved from http://nchc. org/node/1171 Ukleja Center for Ethical Leadership. (2012). Rationing Health Care. Retrieved from www. csulb. edu/colleges/cba/ucel/modules/documents/rationing-health Young, J. (2013). Number of Uninsured in U. S. Rises as Workers Lose Jobs and Health Insurance. Retrieved from http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/02/14/number-of-uninsured-in-us_n_1276189. html

Effectiveness Of Approaches To Teaching And Learning Strategies In Your Subject Area

Evaluate the effectiveness of approaches to teaching and learning strategies in your subject area in meeting the needs of learners. Your response should include an examination of how these could be improved or enhanced and how college management could be involved in making such improvements / enhancements? For my class it is vital to identify the most appropriate level of the course for the learner. Also, the students should know what exceptions and the regulations they need to follow.For that the college could train staff to present the high quality initial assessment and induction to ensure the management of the class is of high standard. I need to make sure students with different learning styles; visual, aural, reading/writing and kinetics, can meet my learning objectives. The students perform better and learn better with information or in tasks that reflect their particular style of learning, so knowledge of students’ learning styles make the teaching more inclusive. To a ddress these different learning styles I convey information in different ways e. g.diagrams, speech, text, discussion, practical tasks etc. I use multimedia technologies such as videos or audio, podcasts and screencasts in lectures and make them available on MOLE. I participate in improvement of documents available electronically so that students can modify them to meet their needs and to read at their own pace. I look friendly to make it easier for learners to approach me and explain how their disability might affect the way they learn, as students with dyslexia might have different needs. Also, I plan differentiated activities and a variety of tasks to cater for the needs of individual learners.For example in one lesson, I engage an adult learner, with prolong absence from learning, to practice in a recent and up-to-date science subject area whilst the rest of the class needs to practice in science technical or laboratory area. All these plans require financial support from the Co llege; for example for better quality of the presentation or to provide extra equipment or broad range of assistive technologies and study support. International students and less able learners are more engaged in the class when I use simplified scientific information to meet their needs.Extra lesson, on-line lectures or private tutor provided from college might enhance their learning ability. The IT department might help for the preparation of special learning activities for partially sighted, blind or deaf students. The college should make opportunities for students to receive disability awareness training about equality of opportunity as part of Personal Development Planning. I participate in school training in matters related to disability awareness and support that provide clear relevant resources and guidance.For example I should know how to communicate with a dyslexia learner in a positive way in the context of HE. I regularly participate in departmental or teaching committee meetings to discuss and review disabilities issues. I make sure the learners received high quality induction information about the inclusive strategies and I will discuss with college about the reasonable adjustments that should be made for the disabled students within my class, at College or while they are on school trip; for example for their health and safety arrangements in a work placement.If any support teachers or guest lecturers are delivering my scientific sessions I will discuss with head of college to make ensure that they are aware of the needs of disable learners including those with dyslexia. I will also request for right training needed to be given to laboratory assistants and demonstrators to support the disable learners. The college could consider introducing self-supporting study groups for students or facilitating mentoring support from students with dyslexia who are already achieving in a higher year of study.The college might improve learning ability of the les s able students by providing a personal digital assistant, a non-medical helper, electronic organiser, laptop or tablet PC with assistive technologies such as text-to-speech and mind mapping software. The college should ensure that lectures, seminars and fieldwork planning activities are supported with good quality handouts and electronic versions. Asthma triggers in the environment might lead to an asthma attack.Ensure that staff are briefed on the health and safety issues for students with asthma, and that these are properly monitored and special attention must be given to the cleanliness of laboratories and workshops. School can allow dyslexia students to use of an amanuensis scribe or a computer in examinations for spell checker and dictation software. It is important to update teaching strategies to support learning and minimise the impact of disabilities including dyslexia. I consider the learners point of view for my range of teaching methods and learning styles. I use wider range of teaching and learning styles.I use more practical methods of teaching for the learners to make the session more interesting and to engage and motivate learners. For future detailed preparation of the subject area I use feedback that I receive from learners about the changes in my session to identify their style of interest and level of their understanding about my subject area because this will likely to increase their engagement during the lesson. As a result, learners will be more focused during discussions, they will answer the questions correctly and they will be more engaged during the lesson.

The Black Family: 40 years of lies

According to the ideology of the black family concept, poverty has been described as black and intergenerational. The blackness of the family comes from the fact that a lot of poverty in the late eighteenth century was associated with the Negroes family, who were black in colour. According to consecutive statistics, poverty increased significantly in this community compared to the white, and it persisted for around forty years, making the forty years of lies.The predominance of the poverty both in terms of years and index gave birth to the black family, the American Negroes who were in total black poverty. On taking my stand, I strongly agree the arguments of this article, the Moynihan report. The collapse of the nuclear family led to mass poverty through out of wed lock children bearing and teen pregnancy. The Negro problem could not be solved without isolated study of its way of living, level of income and the social life in general. The reason as to why I support the report is maj ory based on time.I will make my argument through reflecting the time this was happening. This was a time when cultural roots were strongly held on specialized obligations of the male and female within a familial structure. The male were supposed to provide for the family whereas the female were to take care of the family. This is why the report argues that with male heads working, women and children were safe. In this ghetto culture, poverty flourishes very well for it sounds as work place discrimination based on gender.Because the population of the Negroes was increasing, the tangle of pathology was obvious. This was a state characterized by fatherlessness, crime, school failure, joblessness and juvenile delinquency. When any community is not tied to many and diversified social, economic and political obligations, they tend to worship their cultural identities. Because of the idleness, the population has to explode obviously (http://www. city-journal. org/html/15_3_black_family. h tml).The root cause of the Negroes problems was the nature of their culture on family issues. The break of nuclear family made total defiance from the social roles and responsibilities. The instability of the nuclear family resulted to mass single parentage and teen pregnancy. When children are risen up by a single parent, it is very probable that the same children will adopt the same spirit form the parent. Such kinds of children do not access education, health and other social amenities. As Johnson argues, when a family collapses, children are damaged.If this takes place at a massive scale, then the whole community gets crippled as the case of Negro Americans. Faced with the above challenges, this community had no otherwise rather than adapting to civilization ways of life, which could only be facilitated by the authority. It is a mechanism that can still apply today for poverty stricken communities. I support the campaign that was made to build a pre unit school within the ghetto zone. This was the base and the minimum level which civilization could be instilled within this community.The rest of the world should learn that the nature of family structure can adversely increase vices such as child dependency, prevalence to diseases, population burst, welfare dependency, single parentage, teen pregnancy or out of wedlock teen pregnancy epidemic. For reforms, it is wise to emphasize on use of contraceptives, sex education, universal education and the desire to rise to a higher social class (http://www. city-journal. org/html/15_3_black_family. html). Work Cited: Hymowitz, S. Kay (2005) The Black Family: 40 Years of Lies. Retrieved on 31st January 2009 from, http://www. city-journal. org/html/15_3_black_family. html