Important Values to Instill in Children Essay - 1247 Words

CLARIFYING YOUR BELIEFS AND VALUES 1. Joyful Creative Curious 2. A. I believe children deserve to be themseleves, to be able to be joyful, creative and curious. They should not be forced to be like anyone else, or expected to fall into the so called norm of childhood. Children see the world so clearly they do not see race or sex when they make friends. Children are curious about everything around them and they ask millions of questions, some the same question mulitpule times. The are caple of holding so much information in their brain, why shouldnt we let them be curious and explore the world with their minds. Sometimes leting children explore their curiosity in a creative way†¦show more content†¦Making sure to keep your temper with children is also very important, children are curious by nature they are going to ask you questions, lots of questions, but it important you keep your temper, answering children patiently, and with a smooth voice. Children are sensetive they pick up on the tones of your voice, your body moveme nt, and how you react to them. So no matter how many times a child asks you a question just remember to keep your temper they just want to learn about this huge world around them. I think its important for children to be allowed to be joyful, we shouldnt fill their heads with negative things, or show favortisim to only a few children. When a child shows you some art work, even if its just a green blob its important to get down on their level with them and talk to them about it, and praise them. Dont tell a child that their art work is just a green blob. Its also important that as teachers we are joyful when around children, that no matter what hardships we have had in our lives, when we are around children we let it all go and enjoy our time with the children. I think the best action we can have is allowing ourself to be childlike, as adults we still must conduct ourselves as such but that doesnt mean we cant color with the kids, or play with them in an imaginary world the the child has created. C. I want values of respect, openness, and freedom in my classroom, i believe these three aspects all go hand and hand in aShow MoreRelatedHow do Muslim Families Transfer their Ethics and Values to Future Generations?661 Words   |  3 Pagestransmit their values and ethics in the 21st century is through teachings in the home. It is the responsibility of parents to teach the children the values and ethics of the Islamic religion. If the guardian passes away it then becomes the extended familys obligation to teach the children the Islamic faith. It is the father’s role in the family to be the source of revenue and ensure the perpetuation of the religion within the family. 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Through various social media tactics, ISIS targets insecure youth in attempts to not only recruit them into their terrorist organization, but toRead MoreMy Perception Of The American Dream1554 Words   |  7 Pagesand cleaning. I wanted a two-story house with a white picket fence and an American Flag in the front yard, the ideal family of four, a golden retriever, and I could be the perfect housewife. I wanted the female version of the â€Å"American Dream†. As children, dreams are untainted by reality, but over time dreams change. I realized that life’s fulfillment needs so much more than just material objects. My childish American dream focused on material things: I never wished to be emotionally secure, but just

Anthology of Poems Free Essays

â€Å"When someone loves you, the way they say your name is different. You know that your name is safe in their mouth. † This persuasive essays purpose is to persuade the reader to include three phenomenal poems in an anthology of Indigenous Poetry. We will write a custom essay sample on Anthology of Poems or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each of the poems that will be introduced have been written by indigenous Australians, and each includes a form of a relationship within them, not only with people, but with culture, and Aboriginal and European Australians. The first poem to be introduced is Aboriginal Australia, by Jack Davis. This gut wrenching poem is about the treacherous acts that the Europeans committed against the Aborigines. The second poem that will be discussed is Took the Children Away by Archie Roach. This poem, or song, is about the Stolen Generation, and the repercussions that it had on the children that experienced that event. Finally, the poem Son of Mine by Oodgeroo Noonuccal will be introduced. Son of Mine is about the emotions behind the fighting of the Europeans and Aborigines. Each of the three poems has a rightful place in an anthology of Indigenous Poetry. The first poem that will be introduced is Aboriginal Australia written by poet Jack Davis. Aboriginal Australia is a raw and overwhelming poem about what the Europeans did to, and the effects that it had on most indigenous Australians. To support this heartfelt poem, Davis uses metaphors to accentuate the bold words that he has felt. The line, â€Å"I would find a pen to probe your freckled mind,† demonstrates the emotions that he was feeling in detail. It shows that between particular people relationships do not always have a strong foundation, and are often weak. Likewise Davis’ use of imagery in, â€Å"The smile on the Governor’s face,† validates not only the emotion that the Governor was feeling, but what he thought about everything that was happening to the aborigines. Aboriginal Australia is a heart wrenching poem about the tumultuous events that were caused by the white people when they unjustly murdered and kidnapped a large sum of the indigenous population. The poem demonstrates the idea that at one point in time the relationships between white and black people was that of hatred. The second poem that I wish to discuss is Took the Children Away, by Archie Roach, is a heartfelt story about the Stolen Generation. Having been one of the children that were taken away by the whites, Roach takes an insightful approach to his lyrics. The emotive and accusatory tone that Roach acquires, gives real meaning to his poem. Using the simile, â€Å"And how they fenced us in like sheep,† to convey the idea that the Aborigines didn’t really think that they had a say in how their life went, they were metaphorically trapped in their own skin. The aboriginal children started to lose their relationship with their land and culture. The Aboriginal children were taught how to act and live, being told that it was good manners to always do what they were told, no matter how ridiculous the order was. Likewise, Roach’s shrewd use of visual imagery in, â€Å"said to us come take our hand, sent us off to mission land,† creates an idea of juxtaposition as they told the children that they were going to help and teach them, when all they did was send them off to white families as servants. The aboriginal people were told that they would be treated with respect, and they would be educated, but were treated the exact opposite of what they were told. Took the Children Away deserves to be in the anthology of Indigenous Australian poetry as it has been written from a personal perspective, and has the exact emotions that were felt by one of the stolen children. The third and final poem that I would like to talk over is Son of Mine by Oodgeroo Noonuccal. Son of Mine is a short and straight to the point poem on the experiences that the Aboriginal people went through while fighting the Europeans. It discusses the good and bad emotions, and actions that the Aboriginals went through, including the heartbreak, and brotherhood that both races experienced. Noonuccal has great pride in her tone when she mentions the, â€Å"†¦ brave and fine,† men that put others before themselves during the often hard and tumultuous events that occurred. She describes the different relationships between the two different races. Noonuccal really defines the large gap between the two different relationships, and how quick the relationship could change. Noonuccal’s use of juxtaposition in, â€Å"black and white entwine,† deeply expresses the relationships between the two different cultures of indigenous, and European. Son of Mine definitely deserves to be in an Anthology for Indigenous Australians as it is one of the only texts that include both the hatred, and the brotherhood between the white and indigenous Australians. It would be a great addition to the anthology. All three of these poems demonstrate some sort of a relationship. They show great compassion for whatever topic they are artistically discussing. Aboriginal Australia, Took the Children Away, and Son of Mine all demonstrate feelings of hurt, happiness and heartbreak, thus making them beneficial for the anthology. The three poems that have been introduced each have a theme of relationships, whether between race, or culture. They definitely deserve a spot in an anthology of Indigenous Poetry. How to cite Anthology of Poems, Essay examples

Giorgio Strehler Essay Example For Students

Giorgio Strehler Essay The most acclaimed events in the marathon 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Arts Festival were productions by Ariane Mnouchkines Theatre du Soleil and Giorgio Strehlers Piccolo Teatro di Milano. Their L.A. performances of Shakespeare and Goldoni were theatrical blockbusters. One was thrilled and envious to experience stage virtuosity that has no counterpart in our own country. For once, legendary reputations and advance hype from abroad were justified. Now, as part of Cambridge University Presss Directors in Perspective series, the first English-language on Mnouchkine and Strehler have appeared. These slim volumes contain well-researched histories, reference materials and excellent chronologies, but the overall effect is passive and often pretentious when it comes to the productions themselves. Both authors indulge in dry academic prose that cannot convey the compelling excitement of their subjects best work. As with some other books in this ambitious Cambridge survey of 20th-century theatre, these essays often have the monotonous second-hand feel of lengthy encyclopedia entries. Strehler and Mnouchkine represent the creative extremes of large-scale European theatre. Since the mid-1960s, Mnouchkine has commanded a rigorous ensemble devoted to the extended development and performance of about 20 idiosyncratic plays and films. Strehler has created more than 200 productions since he co-founded the Piccolo Teatro in 1947. She recasts Asian-inspired forms of acting into explosive theatrical emotion. He is the unquestioned master of lyric realism, tempering the gestus of Brechtian movement with con brio Italian style. Mnouchkine produces classic dramas as her ensembles preparation for new plays on political themes, while Strehlers career is built upon established dramatic literature. Mnouchkine works exclusively with her own company. Strehler has often staged plays at other theatres, and he has earned a reputation as one of the centurys great directors of opera. Despite their fundamental differences, these artists have shared roots. The teachings of Jouvet and Coupeau are common to both, and the legacy of commedia dellarte is basic to their physical styles. They have achieved wide influence by touring performances across Europe, but their American appearances have been limited to two brief visits by each company the Piccolo Teatro in 1960 and 1984; the Theatre du Soleil in 1984 and 1992. (Strehlers work in opera was also seen here during the La Scala and Paris Opera Bicentennial tours in 1976.) As a result Strehler and Mnouchkine are largely unknown in America, making the creative failure of these new Cambridge volumes significant. Inspired by Reinhardt The absence of Strehler as a presence in the U.S. is our greatest loss, since he has achieved so much in the familiar form of institutional repertory theatre. Amid the social upheavals of post-war Italy, Strehler (and his co-founder, critic Paolo Grassi) established the Piccolo Teatro in 1947 as a civic theatre for Milan. This was a radical act. Until then, modern Italian theatre was centered upon commercial productions or star-based tours; the institutional approach had been reserved for opera alone. Strehler, who as an adolescent was inspired by Max Reinhardt productions and later staged Pirandello one-acts in prisoner of war camps, soon developed an international following. He became one of the few leading directors of his generation who did not move on to film, remaining with the Piccolo Teatro for all but the 1968-72 seasons. The history of the Piccolo Teatro revolves around the long-term leadership of Strehler and Grassi, but they were not the only unifying elements. Important Italian actors based their careers in this company. Tino Carraro, the regal Prospero of La Tempesta in Los Angeles and New York during the 1984 tour, was also (among other roles) Strehlers King Lear (1972), Coriolanus (1956), and Macheath in the 1956 Threepenny Opera production that Brecht considered superior to his own. (Strehler was asked to take over the Berliner Ensemble after Brechts death, but declined the offer.) Greek tragedy EssayAs with the Strehler volume, essential points are touched upon, but rarely illuminated. Kiernander explores the background of Mnouchkines artistic goals and performance style, as well as her feminist concerns. Still, her directorial technique remains vague, and there is very little about how she shaped a unified acting company out of individuals from so many different national and artistic backgrounds. The heaviness of Kiernanders prose is a poor match not only for Mnouchkines productions, but her entirely unpretentious and direct personality. (An awkward Kiernander phrase such as a theatrical alternative to phallocentric binarism conveys little about the work of this immediately communicative director.) Issues of importance are not addressed. Mnouchkine is an exceptional teacher. She often engages inexperienced actors who grow majestically under her tutelage. How was Georges Bigot perhaps Mnouchkines most famous protege trained to become an astounding repertory actor who gave performances on successive evenings (as he did in Los Angeles) of Shakespeares Richard II, Orsino and Prince Hal? The same question could be asked about Simon Abkarian, the frighteningly passive-violent Orestes in Mnouchkines Les Atrides (her production of Aeschylus Orestia, which toured to Montreal and Brooklyn last year). How did Abkarian grow during 10 years of intense work (and small roles) with Mnouchkine to emerge triumphant in this massive leading part? Paucity of information Granted, Mnouchkine is a difficult subject. She is not a theoretician and (unlike Strehler or Brook) has not published essays about her own work. She is not eager to discuss her productions, and Kiernander admits that she was typically hesitant to authorize this book. Even so, much more could have been done. Certainly, for American audiences, this publication will not sufficiently expand impressions of the companys 1992 tour of Les Atrides, which confirmed the Theatre du Soleils essential qualities, but was compromised by serious cast changes, design modifications and acoustic problems. Given the paucity of information in English about these artists, one remains grateful for the Cambridge series, which attempts to fill an important need. But to understand the work of Mnouchkine and Strehler (or Germanys Peter Stein equally original, unknown in America and also the subject of a Cambridge volume), one must travel abroad. The Piccolo Teatro di Milano toured to 11 cities last year, but once again had no American stop on its itinerary. As supplements to these new books, consider the following. The New Yorker of May 4, 1992 contains a more personal casebook on Strehler by musicologist Harvey Sachs. Double Page, a French photo journal available in art bookstores, has three issues (numbers 21, 32 and 49) devoted to Martine Francks production shots of Mnouchkine projects, including three Shakespeare plays. This is exceptionally rich theatrical photography that accurately captures the emotion and color of these shows in performance, as well as the company backstage. All three issues are worth the hunt. In the meantime, Mnouchkines latest production (a new play by Helene Cixous about the recent French scandal in which HIV-infected blood was knowingly distributed to hospitals) has just opened at the Cartoucherie.

Teaching Standards in Californian System of Studying and the Advanced Placement History Course

Teaching standards are one of the bases for the normal functioning of the college system and the efficiency of the tasks, as well as the orderliness of the curriculum.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Standards in Californian System of Studying and the Advanced Placement History Course specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Hence, the standards established for certain grades must take into account an umber of factors, such as the abilities of the students at the given age, the previous history of the curriculums, the knowledge obtained, the material that has been embraced and the gaps that have been left unfilled, etc. Moreover, at certain points, the curriculums of the two systems are supposed to intertwine, since the material studied in the 10th grade within the sphere of California Standards and the Advanced Placement History Course are supposed to correlate and have the points of contact as the courses that actually teach the same subject. Despite the obvious efficacy of the Californian system of studying and the Advanced Placement History Course, there are obvious discrepancies in the educational systems, which means that the issue has to be considered thoroughly. The analysis of the two systems shows that each of them displays certain peculiarities that cross at the points concerning the skills that the systems are supposed to train in the students, yet have considerable differences in the way the given skills are taught. One of the first issues that one will immediately spot is the recurrent themes that both the Californian curriculum and the Advanced Placement History Course have. While the Californian curriculum themes â€Å"are intended to provide foundational knowledge for future college-level course work† (California tenth grade’s standards, 2008, p. 5), in the Advanced Placement History Course, the themes are obviously supposed to develop the wide spectrum of kn owledge on a certain issue and mostly concern specialized topics: â€Å"Content Standard: World History, Culture, and Geography Students analyze the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States† (College Board, 2011). It is essential to emphasize that each of the given topics is rather vast, but at the same time vague. In contrast to the Advanced Placement History Course, the Californian standards are much more precise and to the point: â€Å"Content Standard: World History, Culture, and Geography Students analyze the effects of the Industrial Revolution in England, France, Germany, Japan, and the United States† (College Board 2011).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In terms of the student skills that the given systems train, one should mention that each of the courses presupposes the development of the abilities to analyz e and offer solutions for certain problems. College Board (2011) insists that the students should be able to reason, compare and analyze (p. 7), and California tenth grade’s standards (2008) confirm that: â€Å"CA.9-12.HS Content Standard: Historical and Social Sciences Analysis Skills.† As for the coverage of the topic s offered, one must admit that the California tenth grade’s standards deals with the given issue in a far more efficient way, offering a plethora of problems to discuss and splitting the curriculum into numerous points, while the College Board (2011) prefers not to go into details. However, the curriculums of the two grades help the students develop comparatively similar skills. Taking a closer look at the curriculum of the Californian educational system, one must mark that the latter presupposes the development of such skills as the ability to analyze and approach a certain issue from multiple viewpoints. According to the College Board (2011), t he students who attend the given courses must obtain the knowledge concerning such spheres as â€Å"interaction between humans and environment† (p. 17), â€Å"development and interaction of cultures† (p. 18), â€Å"State-building, expansion and conflict† (p. 18), â€Å"Creation, expansion, and interaction of economic systems† (p. 19) and â€Å"Development and transformation of social structures† (p. 20). It seems that with the help of merging the two systems, a more efficient way of coping with the academic material can be found. Comprising the detailed outline of the California tenth grade’s standards and the comprehensibility of the College Board system might finally result in an all-embracing program that will spur the efficiency of the students. Hence, it can be deduced that in the Californian system of teaching the subjects and the one of the Advanced Placement History Course, certain parallels can be traced. Nevertheless, one must admi t hat the system of teaching in the Californian and the Advanced Placement History Course teaching styles both leave much to be desired and offers a vast area for improvements.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Standards in Californian System of Studying and the Advanced Placement History Course specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More With the help of a rational approach towards the issues that cause the greatest problems in the studying process, one is likely to come up with the most efficient solutions. Moreover, the positive elements of the California Standards and the Advanced Placement World History Course teaching system should be marked as well. It is obvious that with the help of the recurrent issues in the topics and the subjects in the California Standards and the Advanced Placement World History Course, students are likely to digest and remember the material netter. Once introducing the efficient amen dments to the existing system, one is likely to create a perfect environment for fruitful studying. Reference List California tenth grade’s standards (2008). Teaching History Board. Web. College Board (2011). AP world history. Sacramento, CA: The College Board. Web. This essay on Teaching Standards in Californian System of Studying and the Advanced Placement History Course was written and submitted by user Rodolfo G. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Significant Method of Mediating Conflicts among Multiple Parties

A Significant Method of Mediating Conflicts among Multiple Parties A Significant Method of Mediating Conflicts among Multiple Parties Abstract Since time immemorial, disputes occurred among different parties from various settings. People apply several method of resolving their disputes or conflicts. The disputes may appear either formal or informal. However, the method of conflict resolution selected in any kind of conflict resolution process largely affects how fast or slow a solution is obtained. Hence, in most conflict resolution processes, most individuals opt for mediation as a means of reaching a reasonable agreement. Thus, mediation refers to a process of resolving or intervening between two or more conflicting parties. In addition, it involves a third neutral party who takes no sides and only works with the facts presented by the conflicting parties to come to an acceptable conclusion. The aim of mediation includes bringing peace and understanding between the conflicting parties. Moreover, whatever agreement occurs at the end of the mediation process should suit the interests of either parties in one way or another. At least, each party should feel well accommodated by the final decision (Dyer, 2000). There exist different types of mediation that occur in the event of a certain conflict. The type of mediation selected by any mediator should occur relevant to the problem at hand. This tends to ease the entire process. One method of conflict resolution includes the facilitative mediation. In this type of mediation, resolutions come mainly from the disputing individuals rather than the mediator. In most cases, the mediator occurred as an uninformed party. This happened to avoid his or her indulgence in deciding a possible solution for the parties. In ancient times, this appeared as the sole method of resolving conflicts and there existed no attorneys. In this process, the mediator interrogates the parties at length. He or she ensures that the full interests of each individual are placed on the table. In addition, the mediation occurs in the presence of all the conflicting parties. Furthermore, the mediator possesses no hand in giving outcomes or judgments during the whole process. Another method of mediation includes the evaluative mediation In this type of mediation, settlement of disputes occurs in the presence of a judge or an attorney. The parties meet with the attorneys at different times in the whole process. Here, the role of the mediator who includes the attorney involves giving both informal and formal results of the conflict. In addition, he or she possesses an upper hand in deciding for the parties on the best way of coming to a lucrative conclusion. Moreover, the mediation occurs based on the legal rights of each individual. This method of mediation pays less attention to the interests or desires of the conflicting parties. It only works on legal grounds, different from the facilitative method where the interests of each party get aired out. In addition, in evaluative mediation, the parties meet with the attorney on separate occasions. The attorney involved in any mediation gets chosen with the help of the judge (Hope, 2009). Another type of mediation includes the transformative mediation. This occurs as the most current type of mediation among the three. It possesses some similar features with the facilitative mediation. In the transformative mediation process, the mediator works on empowering and transforming the individuals in question. Moreover, he or she ensures that the parties understand one anothers interests and well-being in the whole process. Before a conclusion occurs, the mediator ensures that a high level of understanding exists amongst the parties. Furthermore, different from the evaluative mediation, the parties involved in the conflict meet in a joint meeting with the mediator. This allows each party to air out their interests and problems in the presence of all the other members. The mediator also gets the opportunity of working with them in a better way. All the above-mentioned methods of mediating in conflicts possess different advantages and disadvantages. In transformative and facilitative methods of mediation, the benefit occurs that the conflicting individuals are empowered. Each party end up feeling accommodated in the whole processes. However, this method may take a longer duration in the process of reaching a lucrative agreement. Moreover, since the decisions come entirely from the parties, some of these decisions may appear bias. Thus, the process may not lead to a general solution to the problem. On the other hand, evaluative mediation helps the parties in getting either a solution or an answer to their problem. In addition, this process involves legal procedures where the legal rights of each party get considered at every point of the process. One disadvantage of this method includes the fact that the mediator makes all the decisions in the whole mediation process and this may lead to a false or incorrect solution to the problem. In a case, where multiple parties conflict happens as in the case of a jointly owned firm, the best method of mediation would be the evaluative way. In this case, an attorney or judge in separate meetings would hear the conflicting parties. The reason why this method occurs as the best one includes the fact that it involves legal procedures. In addition to that, since this case appears immensely complicated and sensitive, a central neutral party is required to oversee the way forward to attaining a solution. An attorney chosen by the judge for this particular case would suggest informal and formal recommendations concerning the outcome of the case (Spence Brogan, 2007). A conflict refers to a state of misunderstanding between two or more parties In conflicts, most people apply measures that suit their individual interests in the process of finding a solution. Therefore, it occurs fundamental to choose a lucrative method of solving the problem. Mediation occurs as the best way to find a solution for two or more conflicting parties. The type of mediation procedures may appear either formal or informal based on the nature of the case. In other cases, as the one mentioned in this essay, both formal and informal procedures may appear. The reason why the evaluative method of resolving this case occurs crucial includes the fact that the solution does not arise from either parties. In this case, each part requires a hearing of their individual interests. In addition, all the parties faced immense losses with the collapse of the firm. Thus, giving an open room for individual opinions would only drug the case. Hence, cause delays in reaching a solution. This method involves legal processes since the jury is involved in each process. Once the problems encounter a hearing and evaluation by the judge, an appropriate attorney is selected to handle the entire mediation process. He or she either works entirely on finding solutions or answers to the problem. Moreover, this method evades bias since the process puts into consideration the legal rights of each individual. This method appears as an effective way of solving the companys problem since it takes the shortest time possible to reach a conclusion. Each member together with their individual attorney meets the mediator in separate meetings. In case of a contradiction, the mediators bring all the members together to weigh out options, still putting into consideration their legal rights. The method of mediation that gets chosen in any case should suit the problem at hand. The duration taken to reach a conclusion entirely depends on the method of mediation used. Another factor that may largely affect the mediation process includes the effectiveness of the mediator. At times, an uninformed mediator may not possess the ability to help the parties in reaching a conclusion. Moreover, this may lead to a prolonged process of mediation. Thus, most people aspiring to mediate in conflicts should pursue the necessary training in order to sharpen their knowledge in this field (Berger, 2006). Another reason as to why training appears as a fundamental factor for mediators includes the fact that a mediation process involves strong feelings. As such, a mediator may require the rightful skill on how to handle these feelings in the process of mediation. In addition, further training in the same field occurs crucial since there is no limit to the kinds of conflicts that a mediator may need to deal with at any given time. In conclusion, mediation refers to a process of intervening between two or more conflicting parties in order to reach a lucrative solution. In mediation, a third neutral party occurs to help in finding a peaceful conclusion to the problem. There exist three main types of mediation used in conflict resolution. Each type of mediation applies the particular types conflicts. The three main types of mediation include evaluative mediation, transformative mediation and facilitative mediation. Transformative and evaluative kinds of mediation possess similar characteristics in that both of them involve the conflicting parties in reaching a conclusion. The evaluative method of mediation involves legal actions where the conflicting parties employ an attorney each to help in finding a solution. In addition, the mediator in this case considers the legal rights of each individual and helps them achieve either solutions or answers to their problems (Hope, 2009). For the case that occurred in the essay, where a conflict occurred among multiple owners of a firm, the best method of mediation would be the evaluative method. This method occurs crucial due to the sensitivity of the case, thus, legal procedures should be implemented in order to avoid cases of bias or prolonged cases.

Nothing Like the Sun (1964) by Anthony Burgess

Nothing Like the Sun (1964) by Anthony Burgess Anthony Burgess’s Nothing Like the Sun (1964) is a highly fascinating, albeit fictional, re-telling of Shakespeare’s love life. In 234 pages, Burgess manages to introduce his reader to a young Shakespeare developing into manhood and clumsily fumbling his way through his first sexual escapade with a woman, through Shakespeare’s long, famed (and contested) romance with Henry Wriothesley, 3rd Earl of Southampton and, ultimately, to Shakespeare’s final days, the establishment of The Globe theater, and Shakespeare’s romance with â€Å"The Dark Lady.†    Burgess has a command for language.  It is difficult not to be impressed and a little awed by his skill as a story-teller and an imagist.  While, in typical fashion, he does tend to break-off at points of leisurely prose into something more Gertrude Steine-like (stream of consciousness, for example), for the most part he keeps this novel in finely tuned form. This will be nothing new for readers of his best known work, A Clockwork Orange (1962). There is an exceptional arc to this story, which carries the reader from Shakespeare’s boyhood, to his death, with common characters interacting regularly and to an end result.  Even the minor characters, such as Wriothesley’s secretary, are well-established and easily identifiable, once they have been described.   Readers might also appreciate the references to other historical figures of the time and how they affected Shakespeare’s life and works. Christopher Marlowe, Lord Burghley, Sir Walter Raleigh, Queen Elizabeth I, and â€Å"The University Wits† (Robert Greene, John Lyly, Thomas Nashe and George Peele) all appear in or are referenced throughout the novel. Their works (as well as works of the Classicists – Ovid, Virgil; and the early dramatists – Seneca, etc) are clearly defined in relation to their impact on Shakespeare’s own designs and interpretations.  This is highly informative and simultaneously entertaining. Many will enjoy being reminded of how these playwrights competed and worked together, of how Shakespeare was inspired, and by whom, and of how politics and the time period played an important role in the successes and failures of the players (Greene, for instance, died sickly and shamed; Marlowe hunted down as an atheist; Ben Jonson’s imprisoned for treasonous writing, and Nashe having escaped from England for the same).   That being said, Burgess takes much creative, though well-researched, license with Shakespeare’s life and the details of his relationship with various people.  For instance, while many scholars believe â€Å"The Rival Poet† of â€Å"The Fair Youth† sonnets to be either Chapman or Marlowe due to circumstances of fame, stature, and wealth (ego, essentially), Burgess breaks from the traditional interpretation of â€Å"The Rival Poet† to explore the possibility that Chapman was, in fact, a rival for Henry Wriothesley’s attention and affection and,  for this reason, Shakespeare became jealous and critical of Chapman.   Similarly, the ultimately under-established relationships between Shakespeare and Wriothesley, Shakespeare and â€Å"The Dark Lady† (or Lucy, in this novel), and Shakespeare and his wife, are all largely fictional.  While the novel’s general details, including historical happenings, political and religious tensions, and rivalries between the poets and the players are all well envisioned, readers must be careful not to mistake these details for fact.   The story is well written and enjoyable. It is also a fascinating glimpse at history of this particularly time period.   Burgess reminds the reader of many of the fears and prejudices of the time, and seems to be more critical of Elizabeth I than Shakespeare himself was.  It is easy to appreciate Burgess’s cleverness and subtlety, but also his openness and candor in terms of sexuality and taboo relationships.   Ultimately, Burgess wants to open the reader’s mind to the possibilities of what could have happened but is not often explored. We might compare Nothing Like the Sun to others in the â€Å"creative nonfiction† genre, such as Irving Stone’s Lust for Life (1934). When we do, we must concede the latter to be more honest to the facts as we know them, whereas the former is a bit more adventurous in scope.  Overall, Nothing Like the Sun is a highly informative, enjoyable read offering an interesting and valid perspective on Shakespeare’s life and times.

Animal Testing and Rgihts Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Animal Testing and Rgihts - Research Paper Example In fact, vivisection of small animals like frogs, rabbits and mice is not confined to sophisticated laboratories alone, but are also a part of school and college curriculum. Animals are also used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries to test drugs and cosmetics before market release. According to AWA reports, the U.S government estimated that the number of laboratory animals used in 2010 alone was about 1,136,567. â€Å"Precise figures for the number of rats, mice, birds and fish do not exist, but it is estimated that approximately 25 million of these animals are used every year† (animal Reports Animal Usage by Fiscal year, 1-2). Vivisection is not just using of animals for scientific purposes alone; it also involves the inhumane treatment meted out to them. They are kept in cages in dark laboratories, fed poorly and stored for experimentation alone. The lab animals are subjected to toxic testing, allergen testing etc which involves cruel treatment for the sake of test ing alone and justify them on the grounds that Human feeling s and animals feeling have a difference (Ryder). While many researchers and vivisection enthusiasts may argue that animal testing is beneficial to humans, I shall discus as to why this should be stopped and alternatives adopted. Scientifically Unreliable Scientists and researchers who use animals for their research work often claim that the results procured and derived from these animal-test based experimentation is for the benefit of the human race. But in reality this is untrue and the results may be totally unreliable because the anatomy of humans and animals is drastically different and each species responds differently to a particular substance, this is the reason why thousands of drugs and cosmetics that pass the lab-animal test have often been withdrawn from the markets, solely because they were harmful to humans. Chemical testing is highly unreliable and this can be understood with a small fact that arsenic which i s highly carcinogenic in humans rarely causes cancer in lab animals like mouse and rats. There is no evidence to prove that mice, rabbits and humans would react all the same to a certain chemical. Experimentation on animals is impractical and reveals negligible information about the human body and its response (Mur, 29). Furthermore, it is well known that the sensation of fear alters the biochemical processes of a living body and lab animals are in state of constant fear which may affect the results too. Hence, the results are not valid. ETHICALLY WRONG It is purely unethical to take advantage of speechless and helpless creatures and use them in the laboratories, inflicting intentional pain and fear among them in the name of human benefit. Science itself has proven that animals too like humans, are sentient. They can feel emotions like pain, fear, hunger, thirst etc, yet we deny animals their rights. Rifkin in his article reported about a study conducted in the Purdue University, U. S. where it was observed that’s pigs crave affection and attention and were depressed if denied so. The study strengthened the fact that animals did resemble humans in some form. The theory of Evolution states that Homo sapiens are linked to all other living creatures through evolution, yet somehow humans have taken the liberty to judge other living things and determine their value in Nature. There is nothing to determine whether inherent value of humans is higher than that of other living

Navigation Incident NO.2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Navigation Incident NO.2 - Essay Example This factor can be noticed after knowing about the collision of Argyle Express and ro-ro passenger Cargo ferry Plymouth Venturer on 31st April 2004 at 10:22. The collision was there because of reduced visibility; however, there was less damage as both the vessels were turning away from each other at the impact moment. The vessel type of Argyle Express was Passenger/ ro-ro cargo ferry, twin hull while Plymouth Venturer was Passenger/ ro-ro cargo ferry and both the vessels had experiences of daily travelling. LOA of Plymouth Venturer was 150m, gross tonnage was 16010, service speed was 23 knots while the engine power was 1992 KW, 2 x diesels. LOA of Argyle Express was 80m, gross tonnage was 4246, service speed was 40 knots while the engine power was 22000 KW, 4 x diesels. Discussion Argyle Express and ro-ro passenger Cargo ferry Plymouth Venturer had adopted proper watchful strategies as both had master, mate and rating lookout on the bridge. Two radars were also there to report about any incoming vessel but their distance was only six miles. According to the rule 7b, â€Å"Proper use shall be made of radar equipment if fitted and operational, including long-range scanning to obtain early warning of risk of collision and radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects† (COLREG 1972). ... According to the rule 19b given in COLREG (1972), â€Å"Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate manoeuvre.† and according to rule 6 and 6i in COLREG (1972), â€Å"Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions. In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account: (a) By all vessels: (i) the state of visibility†. Therefore, both the vessels surpassed the speed limit without paying any heed to the poor visibility conditions and without considering the rules designed for such conditions. Both the vessels were aware of each other’s entering and departure from supervising VTS communications; however, there was no commu nication between the two vessels due to which, there was a collision. Both were knowledgeable about the movement of other vessel but no one felt the need to communicate with other. After gaining knowledge about Argyle Express movement from bridge team and approaching collision conditions, Plymouth Venturer changed its course only 7 degrees to starboard. This much alteration of path was not sufficient as stated in rule 8b, â€Å"Any alteration of course and/or speed to avoid collision shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, be large enough to be readily apparent to another vessel observing visually or by radar; a succession of small alterations of course and/or speed should

Walter Benjamin’s account of social class and photography Essay Example for Free

Walter Benjamin’s account of social class and photography Essay Walter Bendix Schonflies Benjamin was born in July 15, 1892 in Berlin, German. He was many things rolled in one: sociologist, essayist, philosopher, translator, literary critic. Occasionally, he was associated with critical theory school of Frankfurt, as he wrote extensively on cultural and sociological thoughts and contributed greatly to the Western Marxism and aesthetic theory. He translated Marcel Proust and Charles Baudelaire, the coiner of ‘Modernism’. He himself came up with the term’ auratic perception’ in the aesthetic field in which civilization was to recover myth appreciation (Mali 1999, p. 170). Benjamin came from in a rich business family. His parents were Emil Benjamin, a banker and later a trader in antiques, and Pauline Schonflies, his sibling being Georg and Dora. He later married Dora S. Pollak who bore him a son called Stefan Rafael. He killed himself through an overdose of morphine in Portbou; a French-Spanish border town in 1940. He was escaping from Nazis, who had invaded France. The discussion below will concentrate on Benjamin account of social class and history of photography. Social class Being one of romantic/socialist Jewish-German writers, Walter Benjamin developed a radical anti-protestant and anti-capitalism argument, which was chiefly instigated through the works of Max Weber (Lowy, 2010). In his attempt to describe the system of capitalism, Walter Benjamin proclaims that capitalism was a form of an evil and cruel religion. To him there exists a connection between work ethic of Protestant: hard work, ploughing back of profit to business and frugal life, all of which are the characteristics of bourgeois, and capitalism. Winning more and more money, accumulating wealth and in the process of doing so, one should let go of all pleasures of life are the basic tenets of capitalism. To capitalists, a person is conditioned to continue acquiring wealth not for the sake of gratifying his needs and wants, rather as organized way of living. To Benjamin, bourgeois pay little attention or no attention at all, to the struggle of proletariats. Capitalism begs that the human happiness and life’s need are something meaningless and irrational which according to Benjamin; it is a complete reversal of the common order of life. Capitalism brought about the order of people living for their work instead of working for their life. He borrows the phrase ‘Capitalism as religion’ from Ernst Bloch and Max Weber’s work and Benjamin continue to show the religious aspects of capitalism, and it is not controlled by religion, but capitalism is in itself a religious phenomena, for it has taken the world like a bush fire, no one is save from it’s tentacles. His arguments goes on to highlight how at the Reformation time, Christianity opposed capitalism establishment, but how later Christianity let itself into capitalism (Weber 2002, p. 17). One of characteristic of capitalism as a religion is just like a cult; capitalism does not have a specific theology or dogma but utilitarianism-which wins the day. Such capitalism utilitarian practices: speculations, capital investment, manipulation of stock-exchange, financial operations, buying and selling goods and services; all these aspects take the shape of a religious cult. In capitalism, there is no requirement of a theology, a creed or a doctrine acceptance, rather action counts, which by extension, through social dynamics, take cult practices form. In capitalism, just like in religion, there exist adoration objects which come in form of money. People adore saints in ordinary religions, just as they adore money in capitalism. Benjamin does not stop at that, but goes all the way in comparing paper-notes with ‘Hell’s door architecture’ manifesting seriousness as capitalism’s Holy Spirit. According to him, the world’s religion state is despair, under capitalism. The other characteristic of capitalism, just like the permanence nature of a cult, capitalism is conducted year in year out. Capitalism permeates all the life conduct setting on vocation calling of systematic, restless and continuous work. Most if not all of Catholic holidays have been suppressed by Puritan capitalists who see them as some type of idleness. Capitalist religion permanently deploy ‘sacred pomp’ every day of Finance or Stock-Exchange, adorers following with extreme tension and anguish, the fall or rise of the value of shares. Capitalist practices know not of stoppage, it take over the control of a person, twenty fours hours a day, seven days a week and three hundred sixty five days a year.

Cuban Economics Essay -- Essays Papers

Introduction Modern Cuba is a country born of struggle. The revolutionary movement that formed the modern day government has remained in power for more than forty years. Indeed, the Cuban government is perhaps one of the most stable governments in the region. This fact is made even more evident by the recent fall of democracy in Haiti. However, the past ten years has seen a marked change in Cuban economic policy. Ostracized from the international community and faced with an embargo imposed by the United States, Cuba has turned to various sources of economic reform in order to survive in a global market. Background (1959 – 1991) During the early period after the revolution, Cuba’s primary economic base was based upon one agricultural resource: sugar (Packenham, pg. 137). Without a diversified agricultural or industrial base, Cuba was forced to become dependent on the only superpower that shared its political ideology, the Soviet Union. Indeed, Cuban trade with the Soviet Union reached a level of 69 percent in 1978, a level equivalent to the amount of trade conducted with the United States prior to the revolution (Packenham, pg. 139). As Cuba entered the 1980’s, it was plagued with the same problems that had plagued it since its inception: dependence on one agricultural produce and on one major trading partner. In the estimate of Carmelo Mesa-Lago, most of the Cuban growth from 1960-1984 came as a result of the $40 billion in Soviet aid (â€Å"Cuban Economy†, pg. 187). Leading up to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Cuban economy was in a terrible condition. In 1986, the economic growth in planned prices was only 1.4 percent compared to a planned rate of 3 percent. Labor productivity fell 1.6 per... ...orida Press (1994). Packenham, Robert A., â€Å"Cuba and the USSR since 1959: What Kind of Dependency†, pgs. 135-165 in Louis Horowitz ed., Cuban Communism (7th ed.), Transaction Publishers (1989). Perez-Lopez, Jorge F., Cuba’s Second Economy: From Behind the Scenes to Center Stage, Transaction Publishers (1995). Theriot, Lawrence H., â€Å"Cuba Faces the Economic Realities of the 1980’s†, pgs. 257-276 in Louis Horowitz ed., Cuban Communism (7th ed.), Transaction Publishers (1989). Watson, Hilbourne A., â€Å"The Techno-Paradigm Shift, Globalization, and Western Hemisphere Integration Trends and Tendencies: Mapping Issues in the Economic and Social Evolution of the Caribbean†, pgs. 59-88 in Joseph S. Tulchin, Andres Serbin, and Rafael Hernandez eds., Cuba and the Caribbean: Regional Issues and Trends in the Post-Cold War Era, Scholarly Resources (1997).

Art Impressionism Essay

Painting Technique & the Making of Modernity† Anthea Callen described the cultural zeitgeist in Paris that paved the way for Impressionism, saying: â€Å"The nineteenth history is characterized in art history as an era of innovation†¦. Science and technology provided painters with a greatly extended range of artists’ materials and pigments, and colour merchants retailed a burgeoning selection of ready-made equipment. It is essential to consider not only the relationship between technological change ad artists’ techniques, but also the new age of which both were a product. She goes on to describe how painting outside became possible with inventions that made it easier to transport easels and paint, which, in turn, aligned with a feeling of egalitarianism and increased democratization of art and of being an artist; the French national motto now is ’Liberte, egalite, fraternite’, meaning â€Å"Liberty, equality, fraternity (brotherhood)†. T his motto, though adopted in the late 19th century, was coined during the French revolution, which by Degas’ time, had had almost 100 years to seep into the collective French conscience. These ideals of overturning monarchy and rejecting hierarchal authority would parallel the perceived headbutting of Impressionist painters against the Academie des Beaux-Arts, the judging body that dominated over who and what style of painting could be shown publicly. The Academie held annual art exhibits that only featured paintings that conformed to its standards. For struggling artists, getting theirs works exhibited gave them a chance at exposure to patrons of the art and could make or break a reputation, start a career, and win admirers as well as fame. Parisian critics of the time largely aligned themselves with the Academie, and were preoccupied with keeping art within a strict and narrow set of guidelines. Anthea goes on to note the power of the art critics of the late 18th century in helping to shape public perception of paintings, stating: â€Å"†¦ The written language of the criticism had the power to interpret the new artistic trends†¦ to a a nineteenth century public both visually untutored and suspicious of change. Therefore art critics, by mediating the meaning of paintings, could successfully defuse the threat of the genuinely radical pictorial statement, disarming it’s political force†¦ † Originally, even the term â€Å"Impressionism† was invented in a critique by then-columnist and art critic Louis Leroy. His first article with the term for the new painting style appeared in the Le Charivari newspaper and used the word â€Å"Impressionist† from Claude Monet’s painting entitled â€Å"Impression Sunrise† (In french, â€Å"Impression, Soleil Levant†). In the article, he made fun of the new style of painting he was unaccustomed to, and sarcastically compared them to wallpaper and mere unfinished sketches. He wrote: â€Å"Impression—I was certain of it. I was just telling myself that, since I was impressed, there had to be some impression in it †¦ and what freedom, what ease of workmanship! Wallpaper in its embryonic state is more finished than that seascape. † In 1874, Parisian artists from the Cooperative and Anonymous Society of Painters, Sculptors and Engravers staged an exhibit at the studio of photographer and journalist Felix Nadar. A group of artists composed of Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Camille Pissarro, and a few others organized the original group of paintings to be shown and were eventually joined by Paul Cezanne, Auguste Renoir and others. The exhibit was an open rebellion against the established artistic standards of the Academie des Beaux-Arts, and featured paintings that directly flouted the conventions of the period. The new style of painting, which featured unusual composition, bright paint colors, and prominent, noticeable brush strokes went against almost everything that the Academie stood for. Degas’ â€Å"The Dance Class† is a perfect example of this style. According to art historian Frederick Hart, Degas differs from the Impressionists in that he â€Å"never adopted the Impressionist color fleck† (Hartt 1976, p. 365 Hartt, Frederick (1976). â€Å"Degas† Art Volume 2. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc. : 365. ), but his use of bright colors, his delight at capturing everyday people in the middle of a moment, and his commitment to showing the effects of light and unusual composition were typical of the Impressionist movement. Even Degas himself did not like to align himself with the Impressionist movement, and historian Carol Armstrong points out in her biography of Degas that he did not like to be called an Impressionist: â€Å"He was often as anti-impressionist as the critics who reviewed the shows†¦. Degas was quoted as saying, â€Å"No art was ever less spontaneous than mine. What I do is the result of reflection and of the study of the great masters; of inspiration, spontaneity, temperament, I know nothing. † (Armstrong 1991, p. 22 Armstrong, Carol (1991). Odd Man Out: Readings of the Work and Reputation of Edgar Degas. Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-02695-7) Although Degas did not originally like the term, now he is considered a large part of the Impressionist painting movement. Art historian Charles Stuckey defended Degas’ inclusion in the Impressionist cannon â€Å"it is Degas’ fascination with the depiction of movement, including the movement of a spectator’s eyes as during a random glance, that is properly speaking ‘Impressionist’. † (Guillaud and Guillaud 1985, p. 28Guillaud, Jaqueline; Guillaud, Maurice (editors) (1985). Degas: Form and Space. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-5407-8) The Impressionist use of color was partly influenced by Japanese prints, in what it was called ‘Japonism’ in France; the late 1800’s was a time of European fascination with the Orient, and with Japanese art in particular. These Japanese prints often made dramatic use of the â€Å"cut-off† composition – where the subject is chopped off at the frame – and Degas uses this visual device in â€Å"The Dance Class† as well as throughout his work. Degas was also heavily influenced by the early years of photography, which by the time of the Impressionists, had technologically advanced to the point of the snapshot camera. The blurriness and accidental cropping off that happened in developing a photograph provided an intriguing new way to look at the world, and Impressionists patterned their compositions in ways similar to the new photographs that had captured the public imagination. Like those photographs and Japanese prints, Degas overturns traditional compositional rules, and does so in many ways in â€Å"The Dance Class†; the composition is asemetrical, the the dancers from unusual angles and viewpoints, as though Degas was trying to capture a glimpse that a passing viewer might have. These elements of composition were quite radical for those times, and critics reacted strongly and negatively to Degas’ depictions of ballerinas. In of Degas’ paintings, dancers were shown backstage or in rehearsal, emphasizing their status as professionals doing a job. This contrasted with their public, glamorous persona, and echoed the Impressionist idealization and infatuation with everyday situations–again, a turn away from the focus of the Academie’’s preference of religious and mythological themes. The subject matter of Impressionism is often casual, everyday life, captured with an immediacy enhanced by transient effects of light and atmosphere. In this work, it seems as though the moment depicted is one the viewer happened upon; perhaps walking backstage. In no way do the figures seem posed, or, for that matter, poised. This was a radical departure from how paintings prefered by the Academie treated their subjects, and critics strongly reacted. Wrote Camille Mauclair in 1903: Not only does he amuse himself with noting the special movements of the dancers, but he also notes the anatomical defects. He shows with cruel frankness, with a strange love of modern character, the strong legs, the thin shoulders, and the provoking and vulgar heads of these frequently ugly girls of common origin. With the irony of an entomologist piercing the coloured insect he shows us the disenchanting reality in the sad shadow of the scenes, of these butterflies who dazzle us on the stage. He unveils the reverse side of a dream without, however, caricaturing; he raises even, under the imperfection of the bodies, the animal grace of the organisms; he has the severe beauty of the true. † (THE FRENCH IMPRESSIONISTS(1860-1900)BY CAMILLE MAUCLAIR Translated from the French text of Camille Mauclair, by P. G. Konody. 1903) â€Å"The Dance Class† shows many ballerinas at the end of a dance lesson. The asymmetrical composition has the whole bottom right completely empty space while the upper left of the canvas is full of figures. Several ballerinas are cut off at the edge of the painting (like photographs and Japanese prints), and they are in the middle of preening, slumping and seem completely unengaged while watching their teacher, the principal figure in the middle of the canvas. Degas closely observed the most spontaneous, natural, ordinary gestures, and was reported to regularly watch dance practices at the Paris Opera, and shows one ballerina scratching her back while looking on, disinterested and seated on top of a piano. Degas took pains to show these women as they really were: tired and inattentive ballerinas at the end of what undoubtedly was a long and athletically rigorous grueling rehearsal. This depiction exemplifies what Impressionism stood for: a desire for ordinary people to be elevated as worthy of being depicted in art, a desire to capture movement and vibrant color, and a turn away from the rules and confines of the desires of the art elite. Perhaps Degas himself might not like it, but he most certainly characterizes Impressionism perfectly!

Supply Chain of Amul

ARAVALI INSTITUE OF MANAGEMENT (An institution of Marwar Education Foundation) Term Paper on Supply Chain of AMUL Submitted to:Submitted by: Dr. Parikshit CharanSunil Kansara PGP II PGDM (S) Section A Roll No. 30 HISTORY Amul was formally registered on December 14, 1946. The brand name Amul, sourced from the Sanskrit word Amoolya, means priceless. It was suggested by a quality control expert in Anand and it was chosen because it was a perfect acronym for Anand Milk Union Limited. The Amul revolution was started as awareness among the farmers. It grew and matured into a protest movement that was channeled towards economic prosperity Over five decades ago, the life of an average farmer in Kheda District was very much like that of his/her counterpart anywhere else in India. His/her income was derived almost entirely from seasonal crops. The income from milk buffaloes was undependable. Milk producers had to travel long distances to deliver milk to the only dairy, the Polson Dairy in Anand – often milk went sour, especially in the summer season, as producers had to physically carry milk in individual containers. Private traders and middlemen controlled the marketing and distribution system for the milk. These middlemen decided the prices and the off-take from the farmers by the season. As milk is perishable, farmers were compelled to sell it for whatever they were offered. Often, they had to sell cream and ghee at throw-away prices. In this situation, the private trader made a killing. Moreover, the government at that time had given monopoly rights to Polson Dairy, which was run by a person of Parsi descent, (around that time Polson was the most well known butter brand in the country) to collect milk from Anand and supply to Mumbai city in turn (about 400 kilometers away). Another problem farmers faced was that in winter the milk output of buffaloes doubled which caused prices to fall down even further. India ranked nowhere amongst milk producing countries in the world in 1946. Gradually, the realization dawned on the farmers with inspiration from then nationalist leaders Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel (who later became the first Home Minister of free India) and Morarji Desai (who later become the Prime Minister of India) and local farmer, freedom fighter and social worker Tribhovandas Patel, that the exploitation by the trader could be checked only if they marketed their milk themselves. Amul was the result of the realization that they could pool up their milk and work as a cooperative Setting up of Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers' Union In the early 40’s, the main sources of earning for the farmers of Kaira district were farming and selling of milk. That time there was high demand for milk in Bombay. The main supplier of the milk was Polson dairy limited, which was a privately owned company and held monopoly over the supply of milk at Bombay from the Kaira district. This system leads to exploitation of poor and illiterates’ farmers by the private traders. The traders used to beside the prices of milk and the farmers were forced to accept it without uttering a single word. However, when the exploitation became intolerable, the farmers were frustrated. They collectively appealed to Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, who was a leading activist in the freedom movement. Sardar Patel advised the farmers to sell the milk on their own by establishing a co-operative union, Instead of supplying milk to private traders. Sardar Patel sent the farmers to Shri Morarji Desai in order to gain his co-operation and help. Shri Desai held a meeting at Samarkha village near Anand, on 4th January 1946. He advised the farmers to form a society for collection of the milk. These village societies would collect the milk themselves and would decide the prices at which they can sell the milk. The district union was also form to collect the milk from such village co-operative societies and to sell them. It was also resolved that the Government should be asked to buy milk from the union. However, the govt. did not seem to help farmers by any means. It gave the negative response by turning down the demand for the milk. To respond to this action of govt. , the farmers of Kaira district went on a milk strike. For 15 whole days not a single drop of milk was sold to the traders. As a result the Bombay milk scheme was severely affected. The milk commissioner of Bombay then visited Anand to assess the situation. Having seemed the condition, he decided to fulfill the farmers demand. Thus their cooperative unions were forced at the village and district level to collect and sell milk on a cooperative basis, without the intervention of Government. Mr. Verghese Kurien showed main interest in establishing union who was supported by Shri Tribhuvandas Patel who lead the farmers in forming the Co-operative unions at the village level. The Kaira district milk producers union was thus established in ANAND and was registered formally on 14th December 1946. Since farmers sold all the milk in Anand through a co-operative union, it was commonly resolved to sell the milk under the brand name AMUL. At the initial stage only 250 liters of milk was collected everyday. But with the growing awareness of the benefits of the cooperativeness, the collection of milk increased. Today Amul collect 11 lakhs liters of milk everyday. Since milk was a perishable commodity it becomes difficult to preserve milk flora longer period. Besides when the milk was to be collected from the far places, there was a fear of spoiling of milk. To overcome this problem the union thought out to develop the chilling unit at various junctions, which would collect the milk and could chill it, so as to preserve it for a longer period. Thus, today Amul has more than 150 chilling centers in various villages. Milk is collected from almost 1073 societies. With the financial help from UNICEF, assistance from the govt. of New Zealand under the Colombo plan, of Rs. 50 millions for factory to manufacture milk powder and butter was planned. Setting Up of Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation In 1954, Kaira District Co-operative Milk Producers’ Union built a plant to convert surplus milk produced in the cold seasons into milk powder and butter. In 1958, a plant to manufacture cheese and one to produce baby food were added. Subsequent years saw the addition of more plants to produce different products. In 1973, the milk societies/district level unions decided to set up a marketing agency to market their products. This agency was the Gujarat Cooperative Milk Marketing Federation (GCMMF). It was registered as a co-operative society on 9 July 1973 COMPANY PROFILE THE TASTE OF INDIA, AMUL comes from the Sanskrit word Amoolya, means priceless. It was suggested by a quality control expert in Anand and it was chosen because it was a perfect acronym for Anand Milk Union Limited. AMUL was formed under the dairy cooperative movement in India in 1946 The Amul Pattern has established itself as a uniquely appropriate model for rural development. Amul has spurred the White Revolution of India, which has made India the largest producer of milk and milk products in the world. It is also the world's biggest vegetarian cheese brand . The system succeeded mainly because it provides an assured market at remunerative prices for producers' milk besides acting as a channel to market the production enhancement package. What's more, it does not disturb the agro-system of the farmers. It also enables the consumer an access to high quality milk and milk products. Contrary to the traditional system, when the profit of the business was cornered by the middlemen, the system ensured that the profit goes to the participants for their socio-economic upliftment and common good. Looking back on the path traversed by Amul, the following features make it a pattern and model for emulation elsewhere. Amul has been able to: ? Produce an appropriate blend of the policy makers farmers board of management and the professionals: each group appreciating its rotes and limitations, ? Bring at the command of the rural milk producers the best of the technology and harness its fruit for betterment. ? Provide a support system to the milk producers without disturbing their agro-economic systems, ? Plough back the profits, by prudent use of men, material and machines, in the rural sector for the common good and betterment of the member producers and ? Even though, growing with time and on scale, it has remained with the smallest producer members. In that sense. Amul is an example par excellence, of an intervention for rural change. Organization structure It all started in December 1946 with a group of farmers keen to free themselves from intermediaries, gain access to markets and thereby ensure maximum returns for their efforts. Based in the village of Anand, the Kaira District Milk Cooperative Union (better known as Amul) expanded exponentially. It joined hands with other milk cooperatives, and the Gujarat network now covers 2. 12 million farmers, 10,411 village level milk collection centers and fourteen district level plants (unions) under the overall supervision of GCMMF. There are similar federations in other states. Right from the beginning, there was recognition that this initiative would directly benefit and transform small farmers and contribute to the development of society. Markets, then and even today, are primitive and poor in infrastructure. Amul and GCMMF acknowledged that development and growth could not be left to market forces and that proactive intervention was required. Two key requirements were identified. The first, that sustained growth for the long term would depend on matching supply and demand. It would need heavy investment in the simultaneous development of suppliers and consumers. Second, that effective management of the network and commercial viability would require professional managers and technocrats. To implement their vision while retaining their focus on farmers, a hierarchical network of cooperatives was developed, which today forms the robust supply chain behind GCMMF's endeavors. The vast and complex supply chain stretches from small suppliers to large fragmented markets. Management of this network is made more complex by the fact that GCMMF is directly responsible only for a small part of the chain, with a number of third party players (distributors, retailers and logistics support providers) playing large roles. Managing this supply chain efficiently is critical as GCMMF's competitive position is driven by low consumer prices supported by a low cost system. The Union looks after policy formulation, processing and marketing of milk, provision of technical inputs to enhance milk yield of animals, the artificial insemination service, veterinary care, better feeds and the like – all through the village societies. DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL Amul products are available in over 500,000 PLUS retail outlets across India through its network of over 3,500 distributors. There are 47 depots with dry and cold warehouses to buffer inventory of the entire range of products. GCMMF transacts on an advance demand draft basis from its wholesale dealers instead of the cheque system adopted by other major FMCG companies. This practice is consistent with GCMMF's philosophy of maintaining cash transactions throughout the supply chain and it also minimizes dumping. Wholesale dealers carry inventory that is just adequate to take care of the transit time from the branch warehouse to their premises. This just-in-time inventory strategy improves dealers' return on investment (ROI). All GCMMF branches engage in route scheduling and have dedicated vehicle operations Establishing best practices: A key source of competitive advantage has been the enterprise's ability to continuously implement best practices across all elements of the network: the federation, the unions, the village societies and the distribution channel. In developing these practices, the federation and the unions have adapted successful models from around the world. It could be the implementation of small group activities or quality circles at the federation. Or a TQM program at the unions. Or housekeeping and good accounting practices at the village society level. More important, the network has been able to regularly roll out improvement programs across to a large number of members and the implementation rate is consistently high. For example, every Friday, without fail, between 10. 00 a. m. and 11. 00 a. m. , all employees of GCMMF meet at the closest office, be it a department or a branch or a depot to discuss their various quality concerns. Each meeting has its pre-set format in terms of Purpose, Agenda and Limit (PAL) with a process check at the end to record how the meeting was conducted. Similar processes are in place at the village societies, the unions and even at the wholesaler and C agent levels as well. Examples of benefits from recent initiatives include reduction in transportation time from the depots to the wholesale dealers, improvement in ROI of wholesale dealers, implementation of Zero Stock Out through improved availability of products at depots and also the implementation of Just-in-Time in finance to reduce the float. Kaizens at the unions have helped improve the quality of milk in terms of acidity and sour milk. (Undertaken by multi-disciplined teams, Kaizens are highly focussed projects, reliant on a structured approach based on data gathering and analysis. ) For example, Sabar Union's records show a reduction from 2. 0% to 0. 5% in the amount of sour milk/curd received at the union. The most impressive aspect of this large-scale roll out is that improvement processes are turning the village societies into individual improvement centers. Supply Chain of Amul Consumers expect marketers to deliver products in the locations and forms they require. To meet expectations of such demanding consumers, alignments of our four Distribution Highways of Fresh, Chilled, Frozen and Ambient products were already made by introducing Project DIL. Subsequently, a major initiative was taken to enhance distribution network to smaller towns. About 1200 distributors in small towns across India were added during this initiative. Today about 3000 Distributors ensure availability of our products across India, whether it is in Leh or Lakshadweep, in Kutch or Arunachal. Simultaneously, to augment fresh milk distribution in various markets of India, approximately 1400 exclusive Milk Distributors have been inducted. ? AMUL has the largest cold chain network in India (i. e. 18000 refrigerators) as compared to any other company. The chemical components of milk are water, SNF and solids. Milk is very perishable product so it has to be consumed within 24 hours. In order to avoid wastage AMUL converts the milk in to SNF and milk solids by evaporating the water, which comprises up to 60-70% of milk contents. This is possible only if the distribution channel right from the producer to the consumer is well organized. It will be surprising to know that AMUL makes even the ‘Sarpanch’ to eat pizza i. e. it supplies pizzas even to rural market. ? Last year, theye divided the retail market into 14 specific segments to achieve further distribution efficiency. This year our focus was on inducting distributors having expertise in servicing such specific market segments. This initiative is yielding results by way of ensuring wider availability of our product range. ? The role of distributors in our business process has never been more diverse or more important, as it is today. As a matter of fact, we consider our Distributor to be the real â€Å"Marketing Manager† of our organization. To enhance business performance of our Distributors, a workshop on Marketing and Sales Management was designed in collaboration with a premier business school. The objective of the entire initiative was to upgrade the knowledge of our Distributors in terms of contemporary Business Management Practices, so that they can perform well not only as our business partner but also as Marketing Managers. During the year, 659 Distributors have undergone this programme in 39 locations. Cold Storage is an extremely essential component n the Federation’s distribution process. Unfortunately, availability of efficient cold storage facilities is grossly inadequate in our country. To cope up with the increasing need of suitable cold stores closer to our markets, we have continued our endeavour of creating the Federation’s own cold stores this year in various locations acr oss the country. We now own 24 state-of- the art cold rooms of different sizes. ? To get an exposure to our cooperative structure, our culture as well as operational systems and processes, every year we invite our distributors, major retailers and other business partners to Anand, for Amul Yatra. So far, about 7000 Distributors and other business partners have participated in this Amul Yatra. ? Over recent years, the Federation has successfully introduced new product lines. This year, in order to leverage their distribution network strengths, to optimize market supervision expenditures, to achieve increasing efficiency while keeping the distribution infrastructure lean, focused and productive, the Federation amalgamated its different distribution networks. Today, they operate an efficient distribution infrastructure consisting of 46 sales offices, catering to 3,000 distributors and five lac retailers. Almost every Federation stockist has visited Anand to participate in a unique programme called ‘Amul Yatra'. During this programme, stockists are exposed to the Federation Philosophy, the culture of Cooperation, as well as operational Systems and Processes. The Federation has also invited distributor's salesmen from all over the country to Anand for a training program focused on the Federation's philosophy and developing their selling skills. AMUL is a dairy cooperative in the western India that has been primarily responsible, through its innovative practices, for India to become the world’s largest milk producer. The distinctive features of this paradigm involves managing a large decentralized network of suppliers and producers, simultaneous development of markets and suppliers, lean and efficient supply chain, and breakthrough leadership. Every day Amul collects 447,000 litres of milk from 2. 12 million farmers , converts the milk into branded, packaged products, and delivers goods worth Rs 6 crore (Rs 60 million) to over 500,000 retail outlets across the country. To implement their vision while retaining their focus on farmers, a hierarchical network of cooperatives was developed, this today forms the robust supply chain behind GCMMF’s endeavors. The vast and complex supply chain stretches from small suppliers to large fragmented markets. Management of this network is made more complex by the fact that GCMMF is directly responsible only for a small part of the chain, with a number of third party players (distributors, retailers and logistics support providers) playing large roles. Managing this supply chain efficiently is critical as GCMMF's competitive position is driven by low consumer prices supported by a low cost system of providing milk at a basic, affordable price. THE BUSINESS MODEL From the very beginnFng, in the early 1950s, AMUL adopted the network as the basic model for long-term growth. †¢ The network explicitly includes secondary services to the farmer-suppliers. †¢ Several of the entities in the network are organized as cooperatives linked in a hierarchical fashion. Customers: In comparison with developed economies, the market for dairy products in India is still in an evolutionary stage with tremendous potential for high value products such as ice cream, cheese etc. The distribution network, on the other hand, is quite reasonable with access to rural areas of the country. Traditional methods practiced in western economies are not adequate to realize the market potential and alternative approaches are necessary to tap this market. Suppliers: A majority of the suppliers are small or marginal farmers who are often illiterate, poor, and with liquidity problems as they lack direct access to financial institutions. Again, traditional market mechanisms are not adequate to assure sustenance and growth of these suppliers. Third Party Logistics Services: In addition to the weaknesses in the basic infrastructure, logistics and transportation services are typically not professionally managed, with little regard for quality and service. In addition to outbound logistics, GCMMF takes responsibility for coordinating with the distributors to assure adequate and timely supply of products. It also works with the Unions in determining product mix, product allocations and in developing production plans. The Unions, on the other hand, coordinate collection logistics and support services to the member-farmers. In what follows we elaborate on these aspects in more detail and provide a rationale for the model and strategies adopted by GCMMF. Simultaneous Development of Suppliers and Customers: From the very early stages of the formation of AMUL, the cooperative realized that sustained growth for the long-term was contingent on matching supply and demand. The member-suppliers were typically small and marginal farmers with severe liquidity problems, illiterate and untrained. AMUL and other cooperative Unions adopted a number of strategies to develop the supply of milk and assure steady growth. First, for the short term, the procurement prices were set so as to provide fair and reasonable return. Second, aware of the liquidity problems, cash payments for the milk supply was made with minimum of delay. This practice continues today with many village societies making payments upon the receipt of milk. For the long-term, the Unions followed a multi-pronged strategy of education and support. For example, only part of the surplus generated by the Unions is paid to the members in the form of dividends Managing Third Party Service Providers: Unions focused efforts on these activities and related technology development . The marketing efforts were assumed by GCMMF. All other activities were entrusted to third parties. These include logistics of milk collection, distribution of dairy products, sale of products through dealers and retail stores, some veterinary services etc. It is worth noting that a number of these third parties are not in the organized sector, and many are not professionally managed. Hence, while third parties perform the activities, the Unions and GCMMF have developed a number of mechanisms to retain control and assure quality and timely deliveries. This is particularly critical for a perishable product such as liquid milk. Coordination for Competitiveness Coordination is one of the key reasons for the success of operations involving such an extensive network of producers and distributors at GCMMF. Some interesting mechanisms exist for coordinating the supply chain at GCMMF. These mechanisms are: Inter-locking Control The objective for developing such an inter-locking control mechanism is to ensure that the interest of the farmer is always kept at the top of the agenda through its representatives who constitute the Boards of different entities that comprise the supply chain. This form of direct representation also ensures that professional managers and farmers work together as a team to strengthen the cooperative. This helps in coordinating decisions across different entities as well as speeding both the flow of information to the respective constituents and decisions. Coordination Agency: Unique Role of Federation Its objective is to ensure that all milk that the farmers produce gets sold in the market either as milk or as value added products and to ensure that milk is made available to an increasingly large sections of the society at affordable prices Supplier Enhancement and Network servicing Their objective is to ensure that producers get maximum benefit and to resolve all their problems. They manage the procurement of milk that comes via trucks & tankers from the VSs. They negotiate annual contracts with truckers, ensure availability of trucks for procurement, establish truck routes, monitor truck movement and prevent stealing of milk while it is being transported. GCMMF’S SUPPLY CHAIN DISTRIBUTION CHANNEL Amul products are available in over 500,000 PLUS retail outlets across India through its network of over 3,500 distributors. There are 47 depots with dry and cold warehouses to buffer inventory of the entire range of products. GCMMF transacts on an advance demand draft basis from its wholesale dealers instead of the cheque system adopted by other major FMCG companies. This practice is consistent with GCMMF's philosophy of maintaining cash transactions throughout the supply chain and it also minimizes dumping. Wholesale dealers carry inventory that is just adequate to take care of the transit time from the branch warehouse to their premises. This just-in-time inventory strategy improves dealers' return on investment (ROI). All GCMMF branches engage in route scheduling and have dedicated vehicle operations Establishing best practices A key source of competitive advantage has been the enterprise's ability to continuously implement best practices across all elements of the network: the federation, the unions, the village societies and the distribution channel. In developing these practices, the federation and the unions have adapted successful models from around the world. It could be the implementation of small group activities or quality circles at the federation. Or a TQM program at the unions. Or housekeeping and good accounting practices at the village society level. More important, the network has been able to regularly roll out improvement programs across to a large number of members and the implementation rate is consistently high. For example, every Friday, without fail, between 10. 00 a. m. and 11. 00 a. m. , all employees of GCMMF meet at the closest office, be it a department or a branch or a depot to discuss their various quality concerns. Each meeting has its pre-set format in terms of Purpose, Agenda and Limit (PAL) with a process check at the end to record how the meeting was conducted. Similar processes are in place at the village societies, the unions and even at the wholesaler and C&F agent levels as well. Examples of benefits from recent initiatives include reduction in transportation time from the depots to the wholesale dealers, improvement in ROI of wholesale dealers, implementation of Zero Stock Out through improved availability of products at depots and also the implementation of Just-in-Time in finance to reduce the float. Kaizens at the unions have helped improve the quality of milk in terms of acidity and sour milk. (Undertaken by multi-disciplined teams, Kaizens are highly focussed projects, reliant on a structured approach based on data gathering and analysis. ) For example, Sabar Union's records show a reduction from 2. 0% to 0. 5% in the amount of sour milk/curd received at the union. SELECTION, MOTIVATION & EVALUATION OF CHANNEL MEMBERS Selection: The company takes into consideration a host of factors while selecting the channel members. This is because GCMMF believes that selection of channel members is a long run decision & the rest of the decision regarding the supply chain depends upon the efficiency & coverage by the channel members. The following are the host of factors considered by the company in selecting the channel members: ? Authentication is required by the regarding the identity of the channel members, which includes the name & address, photograph of the location. ? Proof of solvency which requires name & address of the channel member’s bankers ? Safety of the inventory, which means that the distributor/ dealer should et the stock of the company insured. ? Inventory or the perishable goods kept by the distributor/ dealer should be in good condition which means a detail of storage space & Refrigeration facility is to be provided. Refrigeration system should have deep freezers, cold room & walk in coolers. ? Details of the delivery vehicle, which includes Light Commercial Vehicles, Matador, 3 Wheel er Van, Tricycle Van & Hand/Push cart. The number & model of each of the vehicle needs to be furnished to the company. ? GCMMF acknowledges the fact that it needs to be sensitive to the market demands. For this it requires that a number of salesmen needs to be present on the field. The salesmen too are divided into various categories like the Field salesmen & Counter salesmen. Also the details of Clerical Staff & Mazdoors are to be provided. The technical competence of the salesmen needs to be mentioned ? Details of the product kept of other companies have to be provided. The annual sales of these products too have to be mentioned. Also details of complementary products & product lines need to be mentioned. ? Dealers of the company must carry a good reputation. This is due to the fact that the company believes reputation of the dealer affects the clientele. ? Market coverage by the distributors needs to be defined which includes details of Geographic coverage & Outlets per market area. ? The company also requires the dealers to furnish any Advertising & Sales initiative undertaken by them on behalf of the company. Observation ? The company’s strength is in its procurement and not the distribution even they know this, as this is the industry’s main problem. Other companies fail to replenish demand due to lack in procurement of raw milk. Amul has loyal cooperatives that provide milk only to them, over time the relationship of trust has built up with these people that amul leverages now. ? Transport channel is another strength as the transporters have grown with the company overtime the bonding with them enables the company to give least margins when it comes to the distributors in the industry, lowering the costs. ? The company believes that there is an ongoing demand in the market and therefore no promotions are needed to increase the sales, also the fact this would affect the cost of the product the company doesn’t undertake many promotion schemes. The not being a profit driven organization, is able to provide products at the least price in the industry, and is able to give least channel margins as the channel members earn through volumes and not through high margins. ? The company is enabled to push its new products into the market by hooking them onto the fast moving products like Amul butter; they force the channel members to carry the new products as well. Comments and Suggestion: ? Amul should go in for exclusive outlets in at least all the shopping malls coming up these days and any location where footfalls are large in number. The advantages of this channel will be: Full range display Easier to promote new products Easy to push impulse purchase products Brand building will be facilitated ? Pushcarts should be increased in number in order to increase the market reach this can provide with e very effective channel for ice creams and flavored milks. ? Trade promotion should be formulated for newly launched products instead of just tagging them onto best sellers. ? The company should start a home delivery where a particular household will order full range of products required by it over a period of time. For this the company could provide a deliveryman with cycle to reach the different houses. ? In order to motivate the channel members it is also very essential for the company to increase the margins for the hard selling items e. g. Amul dahi where it faces competition from Nestle & Mother dairy. ? In order to remain sensitive to market demand, it is essential for the company to place additional salesmen on the field since the brand as such commands a high demand in the market but fails to match it with the supply. [pic][pic][pic]

Free Essays on Vietnamization

President Nixon’s policy of Vietnamization (shifting control to the South Vietnamese) was â€Å"doomed to failure† by a culmination of circumstances. The primary reasons for the policy’s inevitable failure can be divided into three areas: 1) the politics and perceptions of Vietnam in the United States, 2) the attitude and conduct of the American servicemen stationed in Vietnam, and 3) the capabilities of the South Vietnamese forces. With the Vietnam conflict still showing no tangible results, the American public was increasingly against the continuation of the war. More and more prominent politicians were calling for the removal of American troops. Nixon realized that no end was near and he was unwilling to accept a compromise â€Å"that would amount to a disguised American defeat.† (1) So, he began two initiatives, one of withdrawing American troops and one of negotiating with the North Vietnamese. (2) The Vietnamization was not designed to produce a victory, but to replace the American lives with South Vietnamese. The Nixon administration was looking for â€Å"peace with honor.† They were looking for a way out of the war without defaulting the entire nation to the communist North. For Nixon, â€Å"The important thing was not to talk about peace, but to get peace and to get the right kind of peace.†(3) The Vietnamization policy seemed effective enough to the administration to gain a lasting peace, but South Vietnam was to eventually fall in April of 1975. America had gotten the treaty but had made key mistakes along the way. By pulling out before negotiations were complete Kissinger was quickly losing all of his â€Å"negotiating assets.† Also, the reduction of US troops was likely to result in Congress cutting funding to Saigon, thus making them increasingly vulnerable. (4) Not only was the troop reduction hurting negotiations and funding prospects; it was also hurting morale. Many of the soldiers disagreed with th... Free Essays on Vietnamization Free Essays on Vietnamization President Nixon’s policy of Vietnamization (shifting control to the South Vietnamese) was â€Å"doomed to failure† by a culmination of circumstances. The primary reasons for the policy’s inevitable failure can be divided into three areas: 1) the politics and perceptions of Vietnam in the United States, 2) the attitude and conduct of the American servicemen stationed in Vietnam, and 3) the capabilities of the South Vietnamese forces. With the Vietnam conflict still showing no tangible results, the American public was increasingly against the continuation of the war. More and more prominent politicians were calling for the removal of American troops. Nixon realized that no end was near and he was unwilling to accept a compromise â€Å"that would amount to a disguised American defeat.† (1) So, he began two initiatives, one of withdrawing American troops and one of negotiating with the North Vietnamese. (2) The Vietnamization was not designed to produce a victory, but to replace the American lives with South Vietnamese. The Nixon administration was looking for â€Å"peace with honor.† They were looking for a way out of the war without defaulting the entire nation to the communist North. For Nixon, â€Å"The important thing was not to talk about peace, but to get peace and to get the right kind of peace.†(3) The Vietnamization policy seemed effective enough to the administration to gain a lasting peace, but South Vietnam was to eventually fall in April of 1975. America had gotten the treaty but had made key mistakes along the way. By pulling out before negotiations were complete Kissinger was quickly losing all of his â€Å"negotiating assets.† Also, the reduction of US troops was likely to result in Congress cutting funding to Saigon, thus making them increasingly vulnerable. (4) Not only was the troop reduction hurting negotiations and funding prospects; it was also hurting morale. Many of the soldiers disagreed with th...